The Effects of Black Death - 1100 Words

The Effects of Black Death Black death was a bubonic plague, which took the lives of millions of people in the mid 1300s. This plague was caused by a bacterium called Yersinia pestis, which lived in fleas. Therefore, transmitting the bacteria to its rodent hosts every time they would feed. The bacteria then killed the rodents leaving the fleas without hosts to feed on and in result they would feed on the humans. (Bailey 7-12) Most people who were infected would last two to three days before they died, no longer than two to three weeks. The plague moved rapidly, medical researchers believe it could have moved as fast as eight to twelve miles a day. The plague was first encountered in China and it spread through Asia and into Europe in a†¦show more content†¦His justification was that his wife was old and she would cause no suspicion. (212) The standards and requirements of the Church had lowered tremendously. Placing men in high places whose intentions were immoral. The priests knew the demand there wa s for them therefore, they raised their fees to make more money. The fees had gone so high that the people began to complain to the archbishop of Canterbury Simon Islip, an he in response issued the constitution Effrenata on May 28th, 1350, which it aimed to keep the priests from charging excessive amounts of money for their services during the plague. The constitution was called Effrenata because that was the first word of the document, which it meant, â€Å"unbridled† as in â€Å"unbridled greed of the human race†. Islip’s intention to help the people through the constitution of Effrenata did not have much success due to greedy priests taking advantage of those in need. (Byrne 68) Another aspect of life that was highly affected was society. During the plague and after the plague society’s values and faith began to change. When the Black Death began taking the lives of the clergy just as well as everyone else, society began to wonder if the clergy were as powerful and as united to God as they had once believed, because no matter their prayer the plague was still raging. The people lost faith in the clergy and by the end of the plague the Church had lost its authority, not only for the reasonShow MoreRelatedThe Black Death And Its Effects979 Words   |  4 Pagesby trade ships. This disease was called the Black Death. â€Å"The Black Death earned its well-known nickname through its very visual symptoms. Once infected, a patient would notice the following symptoms: Painful swellings (known as buboes) in the lymph nodes (found in the neck, armpits, groin and legs).The bubo would become inflamed and would at first be a deep red in color, but as time passed the bubo would change from red to purple and finally to black. Patients would also suffer with a particularlyRead MoreThe Effect Of The Black Death Essay1115 Words   |  5 PagesThe Affect of the Black Death England in the year 1250-1350 BC was prosperous in the field of agriculture production. This prosperity was brought by good weather and favorable climate. This in turn brought the increase growth and harvesting of cash crops, such as wools. The population in England during this period also increased, which means that workers and peasant also increase. Due to the increase of workers the labor forces become excessive. In order to resolve those excess workers, they wouldRead MoreThe Black Death and Its Effects549 Words   |  2 Pagesprayer, accupuncture, diet, etc. have all stayed around, but have changed slightly. The plaque also known as the Black death swept over Europe and Asia in the 14 century to the 15th. This disease is spread by rats and killed many people. Over one third of the population died of Europe. This painful and terrible disease managed to tear families apart as well as communities. Black death was caused by rats and rat fleas. A rat flea lives off of blood from small mammals and sometimes but humans. If aRead MoreEffects Of The Black Death On The Economy930 Words   |  4 PagesThe Black Death or more commonly known as Bubonic Plague, decimated European society in the mid 14 century to the extent that it has not been seen since in human history. It not only killed fifty to sixty percent of the population, but it also brought huge changes to the people of Europe. The impact of the plague caused effects on the economy, society, family structure, public policy, health science, religion, philosophy and literature. Its’ effects would last until the eighteenth century and beyondRead MoreCauses And Effects Of The Black Death775 Words   |  4 PagesThe Black Death was the most dangerous and contagious widespread disease in history. The Black Death lasted from 1347 to 1351 spreading across Europe killing millions. This is classified as the longest disease that still hasnt had a proper cure for. The disease originated in China and spread across trade routes by interaction and communication. Rodents and Fleas caused the disease by a simple bite to a human even animals causing them to have numerous symptoms which led to death. The Black Death hadRead MoreThe Black Death And Its Effects On Society843 Words   |  4 PagesThe most devastating and tragic mortal disease, the Black Death, spread across Europe in the years of 1346-53. The Black Death became one of the deadliest infectious diseases in history. This fatal and rapidly spreading disease horrified people of its time. The disastrous natural catastrophe was only compounded with other setbacks in fourteenth century Europe. Those set backs include, warfare, religious turmoil and peasant unrest. Also known as the bubonic plague, it struck Europe in 1347 and killedRead MoreCauses And Effects Of The Black Death1010 Words   |  5 Pages The Black Death was a catastrophic plague that struck Europe in the mid 14th century. This plague killed between 30 and 50% of the population in the places it struck leading many to believe this had been a punishment from God. The drop in population caused by the black death left excess wealth which would lead to changes in the social hierarchy and European society in general. The black death caused a severe drop in population and devastated the land leaving excess wealth for thoseRead MoreBlack Death Cause and Effect3189 Words   |  13 PagesNAME COURSE PROFESSOR DATE The Causes and Effects of The Black Death The Bubonic Plague or the Black Death has been in the history books since the medieval times. This deadly disease has claimed nearly 1.5 million lives in Europe (Gottfried). The Black Death hit Europe in October of 1347 and quickly spread through most of Europe by the end of 1349 and continued on to Scandinavia and Russia in the 1350s. Not only did the plague effect the European population by killing one-third to two-thirdsRead MoreThe Black Death And Its Effect On Society2754 Words   |  12 PagesDeath. It is a part of nature. Everything that has ever lived will at one point in time die. Yet how a person dies can be felt as a punishment and in the late 1300’s and early 1400’s the Black Death was a common disease that began to feel like that punishment. During this time, the dead littered the streets. Cattle and livestock roamed the country unattended. Brother deserted brother. Mother deserted child. The streets and cities were in total disarray. The Black Plague wa s not very easy to liveRead MoreCause And Effects Of The Black Death1165 Words   |  5 PagesThe Black Death was one of the most devastating worldwide diseases in human history. The plague originated in central Asia and was brought to China by traders and Mongols from 1334-1347. Mongol protection of the trade may have caused the disease to spread along the â€Å"Silk Road† to Crimea. During a Mongol siege against Caffa in 1347, the Mongolian army began to die. The Mongols catapulted the dead bodies into the city where the fleas on the corpses were released into Caffa. In the year 1347, October

Dress for Succes Free Essays

When I think of the phrase â€Å"Dress for Success! † I think of a person getting ready or preparing for a big job interview. Like when person goes to a job interview wearing a muscle shirt and shorts for a job that requires you to cook food. Or when a person wears super fancy clothes to an interview that requires you to clean bathrooms. We will write a custom essay sample on Dress for Succes or any similar topic only for you Order Now â€Å"Dressing for success† is like a guide telling you what you might need to wear to make a good impression. Dress for success means to dress for the occasion. You want to dress for the occasion because you don’t want be out-of-order. An example of this is going to church in pajamas. That is an example of dressing out-of-order. Schools are even making their dress codes better. They don’t want the kids to dress themselves in tank tops and super short shorts. Some girls do that just to fit in. Those girls are dumb. Dressing for success doesn’t only apply to job interviews, but for many other things. If you’re running for long distances, you don’t want your everyday clothes to slow you down. How coul you fix this simple problem? You could get the appropriate clothes for running and it would help you by taking off unneeded weight and make you not get tired as quickly. When you are applying for a job interview, you should look nice. If you want to get a job at a bank, you should wear nice pants and a nice shirt, or a dress. If you are applying for a job at Hot Topic you could probably wear a T shirt from your favorite band and skinny jeans. Avoid too many body piercings though. When you go to a job interview or someones funeral you have to dress with respect. And nice. You don’t want your butt or boobs hanging out. You want people to think your decent and well-behaved. Another example is when you wear a tank top and some booty shorts to school. That’s not a good thing to wear. You got to wear non-distracting clothes. When you come to school you don’t really have to dress for success but you don’t want to come looking a hot mess. Come looking decent. I think dressing for success is important because people will make assumptions about you. If you’re in Wal-Mart and you’re wearing old pajamas with holes in them in all the wrong places, people will think you’re weird. If you’re at a school dance, casual, and you wear a wedding dress, people will think you’re lame and weird. If you go to prom wearing a dressing robe, people will NOT dance with you. When I think of dress for success I think of†¦ Say you wanna go to Adventure. Your friends are dressed in booty shorts and tank tops but there are hundreds of people they’re looking at you, is that really how you wanna dress? People don’t want to see girls in booty shorts walking around at the age of 11 or 12. I think people should dress a certain way. One reason is if you own a fortune 500 company and you wear flip-flops and a tank top. The workers won’t take you seriously. How to cite Dress for Succes, Papers

Management Information Systems Decision Making

Question: Discuss about the Management Information Systems for Decision Making. Answer: Introduction With the expanding utilization of data innovation and accessibility of outstanding information, business associations have a more notable requirement for examining information and utilizing this exploration to manage their choices. A data framework in light of decision model is known as a Decision Making System (DSS). A DSS utilizes the information living in spreadsheets as well as databases, models it, forms or breaks down it utilizing issue particular techniques, and helps the client in the basic leadership prepare through a graphical UI. In this report, the researcher explores the handiness and capacities of spreadsheet programming for building up a DSS. Spreadsheets are an incredible alternative for creating numerous DSS applications since they are accessible with any operational framework and have many elements that are moderately simple to learn and can be executed for a vast assortment of issues. In specific, this represents the findings using information provided by the Mable Hotel and provide recommendation with justification regarding their expansion decision. Brief Scenario According to the given information, the Mable Hotel is a family possessed and worked business. The family likewise possesses an adjoining 5,900 square meter bundle of land. They need to assemble another wing of units and a parking area on the land. The reason is that in recent time, the area become highly prevalent with holidaymakers. Hence extending the existing hotel operation through establishing new units will enhance the profitability position. At the same time, the owners are also raised their concern that the restaurant exists along side the hotel mostly remain un occupied because of the availability of large capacity (Haz?r, 2015). According to them, establishing new hotel unit will improve the occupancy rate and thus the restaurant capacity will also be utilized. Under such circumstances, the Mable Hotel has following two options: (1) Add a new wing, or (2) Add a slightly smaller new wing and a swimming pool. The researcher here established a spreadsheet based decision support system, which will lend supportive hand towards the Mable Hotel owner to opt for the most feasible one. The Basic Process / Tools Benefits associated with creating a Decision Support System Solver is a piece of a suite of capacities infrequently called imagine a scenario where investigation apparatuses utilized for enhancing issues that contain more than one variable (Sauter, 2014). The Solver include utility is expected to dissect the situations in basic leadership circumstances that include thought of qualities and imperatives for a few factors at the same time. This effective capacity utilizes numerous changing factors and requirements to locate the ideal answer for take care of an issue (Serrano-Cinca, and Gutirrez-Nieto, 2013). Here, the basic aim of this study was to identify which one of the given two options is better and what will be the net income over the next 10 years period. Thus, it can be said that maximization of overall net income satisfying all the constraints given by the management of Mable Hotel was the primary concern. The researcher has used Microsoft Excel Solver tool helped in this matt er. Prior to use the solver model, the researcher had to identify input, constraint and objective variables. In both cases, the researcher had to identify the number of single units, number of double units and number of family units needs to be built in the new wing so that the hotel can get maximum revenue (Aydin et al. 2015). Hence, the number of single units, number of double units and number of family units are decision or objective variables. At the same time, the constraints such as maximum and minimum land usage restriction, minimum number of each units, maximum number of total units etc. were defined to build the base case process model. Here, the excel model has been classified under four sections. The first section provides constants provided by the management. The model has been prepared in such a way that if the management wants any changes in the given proposals; only they have to modify the constants table with proper information (Daas et al. 2013). The second section is the changes section, where, number each units has been identified through solver model. Third section of this study was calculation of all costs as well as revenues. This section is totally excel formula based. Hence, the respected cells will automatically modified if the management makes any changes in the constants later on. The final section of this model is 10 year income statement. In case of extended model, the same has been followed with few modification in the constant section considering the swimming pool construction. Benefits Associated with Creating a Decision Support System Model driven or information driven DSS are the most well-known sorts of DSS one would consider creating utilizing a spreadsheet package. Spreadsheets appear to be particularly proper for building a DSS with lesser accessibility. A developer would then include catches, spinners and different instruments to provide supportive hand towards the decision maker in terms of "what if" and scenario analysis. An information driven DSS can likewise be actualized utilizing a spreadsheet. An expansive informational collection can be downloaded to the DSS application from a DBMS, a site or a delimited level record. At that point rotate tables and outlines can be produced to help a chief condense and control the information. Spreadsheet-based DSS can be made in a solitary client or a multiuser improvement condition. Microsoft Excel is unquestionably the most famous spreadsheet application, which can be used as a DSS. Decision Support Systems help in different basic management circumstances by using models. It enables the researcher to examine data in a wide range of ways. The models has been included in a Decision Support System rely on upon the choice you are making and, therefore, the sort of examination you require. For instance, one would exploit an imaginary scenario in which it needs to perceive what impact the change in at least one factors will have on different factors, or enhancement to locate the most productive arrangement given working confinements and constrained assets. Spreadsheet programming, for example, exceed expectations can be utilized as a Decision Support System for considering the possibility that examination. It is therefore brings about higher fulfillment among chiefs, decrease s dissatisfactions among them, and shape observations that predominant data is being utilized. They pick up a certainty and fulfillment that they are great leaders. Creation of decision support system has numerous benefits towards the business organization. This DSS not only smoothen the operation process, but also at the same time, it strengthens the decision it makes on daily basis (Sauter, 2014). Below are some benefits that DSS have in the contemporary marketplace: Enhances execution and adequacy of the client; Takes into consideration facts that help in effective decision making; Diminishes the time taken to tackle issues ; Consolidate information in a best possible way to spare budget! Has been believed to enhance cooperation and correspondence inside gatherings Diminishes preparing times on the grounds that the experience of specialists is accessible inside the projects calculations Gives more confirmation in support of a choice May improves decision makers confidence Giving alternate points of view to a circumstance Robotizes different business frameworks Justifications After running the excel solver model for both cases, the answer report were generated. The results have been summarized in the below mentioned table: Decision Table Single unit Double unit Family Unit Net Income Add a new wing 10 7 13 $3843059.70 Add a slightly smaller new wing and a swimming pool 10 5 15 $4521327.50 The above mentioned table has shown the number of each units needs to be constructed and total net income considering all aspects were satisfied. If the monetary benefit only is taken into consideration, the straightway option 2, that is, add a slightly smaller new wing and a swimming pool needs to be constructed. However, while executing feasibility analysis, the decision should not be taken based on financial performance. Factors like economic benefits, customer satisfaction, environmental are also equally essential (Sauter, 2014). Now, in this specific case, it has seen that the holiday makers are keen to visit this place. Hence, economically both the model is viable as there is a chance of increasing productivity. However, establishing swimming pool though reduced the number of units needs to be constructed; it will attract the customer in a better way. In other words, the customer will be attracted through constructing swimming pool. Hence, the option 2 fulfils both the economic as well as customer satisfaction aspect. In addition, there was no such environmental hazards and thus, in terms of environmental aspect, both the options are feasible. Finally, considering all other factors along with financial information, it can be concluded that option 2, that is, add a slightly smaller new wi ng and a swimming pool needs to be constructed. References Aydin, N.Y., Zeckzer, D., Hagen, H. and Schmitt, T., 2015. A decision support system for the technical sustainability assessment of water distribution systems.Environmental Modelling Software,67, pp.31-42. Daas, D., Hurkmans, T., Overbeek, S. and Bouwman, H., 2013. Developing a decision support system for business model design.Electronic Markets,23(3), pp.251-265. Haz?r, ., 2015. A review of analytical models, approaches and decision support tools in project monitoring and control.International Journal of Project Management,33(4), pp.808-815. Salam, M.A. and Khan, S.A., 2016. Simulation based decision support system for optimization: a case of thai logistics service provider.Industrial Management Data Systems,116(2), pp.236-254. Sauter, V.L., 2014.Decision support systems for business intelligence. John Wiley Sons. Serrano-Cinca, C. and Gutirrez-Nieto, B., 2013. A decision support system for financial and social investment.Applied Economics,45(28), pp.4060-4070.

Malaysia Independence Day Essay Example

Malaysia Independence Day Essay Malaysia was born in August 31, 1957. It has been 56 years since then. That day was a day that everyone should remember and never forget till they die. Because this day was the day that Malaysia was free from the British. It is to commemorate the independence of the Federation of Malaya from British colonial rule on 31 August 1957. In a wider context, it also celebrates the formation of Malaysia. On the 30th of August, Malaysia’s then Prime Minister, Tunku Abdul Rahman took to the Royal Selangor Club Padang, now known as the Merdeka square at 11. 8pm and observed two minutes of darkness. At the stroke of midnight, the Union Jack was lowered and raised with the Flag of Malaya. The morning after, Tunku Abdul Rahman read aloud the Proclamation of Independence, followed by seven chants of Merdeka, with the crown at the square joining following each chant. The moment is considered to be one of Malaysia’s most memorable and significant points in history. Now, Independence Day is celebrated every year without fail. On this day, Malaysians from all backgrounds, race and religion celebrate together in a harmonious way. Traditionally, a grand and colourful parade is held at the Merdeka Square in Kuala Lumpur, where people can attend and celebrate. Various government agencies and private sectors join together to participate in the parade. They will march in front of the  Yang Di-Pertuan Agong  , ministers, special guests and a sea of spectators. Similarly, other parades are also held in different states. Each year, there will be a different theme for the  Merdeka  celebration. This theme is in conjunction with the concept of 1Malaysia, touted by the Prime Minister, Dato’ Seri Najib Tun Razak. All Malaysians are urged to embrace the concept of transformation which brings about a meaningful process of innovation that can benefit the people. It will also help continue the process of producing a vibrant young generation. We will write a custom essay sample on Malaysia Independence Day specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Malaysia Independence Day specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Malaysia Independence Day specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer

Six Cities in Canada essays

Six Cities in Canada essays CANADIAN POPULATION CHANGE IN SIX CITIES Population Change in Six Canadian Cities Since the first moment that humans arrived in Canada, Canada has undergone many changes and will continue to do so as time goes on. One of the most remarkable aspects is the growth and development of large cities throughout the country. Although Canada is the second largest country in the world, Canada's population remains centralised around those regions where opportunities are available. Because of the amount of opportunities and other social factors, people from across the world move to large diverse Canadian cities, such as Chicoutimi-Jonquiere, Montreal, Oshawa, Toronto, Winnipeg, and Vancouver. Between 1991 and 1996, Canadian cities have changed significantly. Using the mentioned cities as studies to show Canada's growth, figures show that Winnipeg and Oshawa follow somewhat the same trends as well as Toronto and Vancouver. Chicoutimi-Jonquiere and Montreal on the other hand follow their own patterns. The latter two are much more different from the others because they are French dominated cities. However, most trends occurring in all six cities are results of Canadian history. Populations in these cities are very different, Toronto has the highest population and a relatively high population increase between 1991 and 1996 due to a number of factors. When settlers first settled in Canada, they settled along the southern strip of what are now Ontario and Quebec. Since then Canada's centre has remained in these regions and attracts many immigrants with its high level of employment and opportunities. Toronto remains more attractive to immigrants however due to its culturally diverse population and upscale employment opportunities. Montreal, who has a very large population, is however not as quick with growing its population because of the current instability due to separatists and because most immigrants are not Francophones cau...

Vile and Villain

Vile and Villain Vile and Villain Vile and Villain By Mark Nichol A recent reference to a certain Republican presidential candidate in which he was described as vile sent me to online etymological resources to look up the origin of the term. Interestingly, vile is unrelated to the similar-looking villain. Vile derives from the Latin term vilis, which means â€Å"base,† â€Å"cheap,† â€Å"common,† or â€Å"worthless.† Villain, on the other hand, originally had a neutral connotation: Although it also comes from Latin, its origin is the term villa, meaning â€Å"country house† or â€Å"farm† and still in use for the former meaning in English (from Italian). Villain originally meant â€Å"farmhand,† but from a pejorative reference to the low-born status of rustic farm laborers came to be associated with base behavior and by the early 1800s was associated with an antagonist in a novel or a play. In historical contexts, the variant spelling villein retains the original meaning. (The suffix -ville in the name of a town, and village, are related.) The Old English term ceorl, which survives in churl, also degenerated from a neutral term for a peasant (in this case, centuries earlier), as did the later word boor, derived from the French term bovier (literally, â€Å"herdsman,† and cognate with the Dutch word boer) and also much older in its negative sense than villain. The adjectives churlish and boorish both describe rude behavior; in each case, -ness is added to the adjective to produce the noun form. The verbs revile and vilify stem from vile; they mean, respectively â€Å"to consider with scorn† and â€Å"to slander.† (The noun forms are revilement and vilification.) However, servile and its noun form servility are related to neither vile nor villain; they derive from the Latin term servilis, meaning â€Å"of a slave.† Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Vocabulary category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Program vs. ProgrammeDriver License vs. Driver’s License50 Musical Terms Used in Nonmusical Senses

Metanoia Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Metanoia - Essay Example The notion â€Å"metanoia† literally means â€Å"change of mind† (Branch 55) and most widely is presented in the way that a person has a certain way of thinking and consideration of the phenomenon of the world and then something changes the way of thinking for good. This notion mostly concerns religious change of thinking. From the very beginning of a person’s religious path some acts can be called metanoic, for instance, it can be conversion into religion from atheistic point of view, or from another religion. The point is that metanoia requires a person to change one’s way of life according to the new understanding the person acquired from the act of metanoia (Clarkson 225). It is very important to divide different types of the notion â€Å"mind† considering metanoia. Dealing with spiritual realm we find that mind has certain gradation which is following. â€Å"Mind† as both intelligence and consciousness don’t really deal with metan oia in religious aspect. But â€Å"Mind† as spiritual intelligence (SQ) means the need of every human being to feel this life as something filled with meaning and spiritual power that rule everything (Powell n.pag.) and this kind of mind actually changes through the metanoic process. This means that metanoia works in changing of spirit which makes it totally existential even though some researches try to describe it as ethical process when a person realizes that one’s previous way of life was in some way unethical and decides to change it into a decent one (Friesen and Guhr 724). The difference between ethical and existential change (metanoic one) can be described through the famous biblical example from the Gospel of St. Mark, 10: 17-27. When a rich guy came to Jesus asking how he can reach the salvation, Jesus answered him that firstly he had to follow the God’s commandments and secondly he had to sell all his

Personal Statement Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 8

Personal Statement - Essay Example While searching for a major to match with my interest, my brother, who was studying in the States at that time, suggested that I study in the U.S. As I already had English language skills and was very interested in American culture, this was too good to refuse. I eventually came to the U.S. in March 2011 and began taking classes at Bellevue College in June of that same year. At first, I had difficulty getting used to the style of lectures here; this made me nervous during every class. In Korean schools, students do not actively participate in class activities. Instead, they just sit and listen to the teacher talking during the lecture. They rarely ask questions because raising a hand and asking a question in the middle of a lecture is sometimes considered rude. Also, Korean students tend to work by themselves and are not likely to cooperate with classmates. I was used to this style of learning, so the American lecture style, which encourages students to work with partners and ask questions whenever they want to, was very much culture shock. Even though I liked to have conversations with people and was excited to get to know them, it was even hard for me to mingle with other classmates due this cultural barrier. I felt that I was not progressing, so I kept losing my confidence. This lack of confidence created a negative perspective toward me while workin g in groups. I believed that working on my own was much more suited to me. However, over time I have adapted and overcome these cultural differences. The more I worked with partners, the more I was able to see the advantages of group work. As I talked to group members and became closer to them, I realized how helpful it was to share opinions and study together. We shared helpful tips about critical information needed to finish assignments. Group work also enabled me to understand the study material better and helped me get used to college life here. I learned how to cooperate through working together. Also,

The Role of the Dead Letter Office Essay Example for Free

The Role of the Dead Letter Office Essay While Melville only mentions the Dead Letter Office in the last paragraph, he portrays its significance throughout the story. Melville reveals Bartleby previously worked in a Dead Letter Office, where he handled the monotonous task of burning undeliverable mail. Because the narrator views Bartleby as a mirthless man, he feels pity for Bartleby working at a place devoid of happiness. By employing a theme of lost hope, Melville describes the dead letters as mail, which fails to reach its destination with its encouraging message or item of value. Melville associates the melancholy present in Dead Letter Office with the strife evident in Bartlebys life. In Melvilles short story, the Dead Letter Office serves as an influence upon Bartlebys fastidious nature. Throughout the story, Bartleby expresses his preferences in regard to his work, which primarily result from the dissatisfaction he felt in his previous profession. Perhaps Bartlebys refusal in performing his duties signifies his dismissal of authority, which indicates Bartlebys desire to control his own life. By characterizing Bartleby as an isolated man, Melville demonstrates how Bartlebys environment separates him from nature and the company of others. Working in the narrators office, Bartleby occupies a secluded area near a window, where he constantly stares at a wall. Bartleby exhibits the behavior of a loner as he stays at the office even at night, when no one occupies the streets. When Melville states On errands of life, these letters speed to death, he refers to the Dead Letter Office as a symbol of mortality (Melville 52). In describing Bartlebys former occupation, the narrator even acquaints the dead letters of the mail center with dead men (51). Melville portrays the final depressing image of death through Bartlebys former workplace, the Dead Letter Office.

Low Jobs :: essays research papers fc

LOST REWARD IF FOUND Higher Paying Jobs   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  There are too many low paying jobs here in San Antonio. If this continues we will see San Antonio's economy decline and this city will become nothing but a low income tourism town. The military presence at one time gave San Antonio its backbone to fall back to. With the closing of Kelly Air Force base that backbone is now diminishing. Many skilled labor workers, some who worked at the base for many years were forced to go back into a workforce, which did not pay as much as they were used to making at the base. Unfortunately, being a tourism town also brings with it the low service/low paying jobs and we are dependent on outside money to stimulate the local economy. You always hear about new jobs coming to San Antonio, but the majority of them are companies looking for low skilled workers. What is the Economic development foundation doing to attract big business here? What are our leaders thinking when they say they are promoting San Antonio and pushing for more jo bs? Is this what they deliver, more hotels and restaurants so we can continue to serve the rich? We must focus on luring new big businesses with higher skilled/high wage jobs. We must also educate our workforce to be able to compete for those positions.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The primary fix to this problem is to bring high-income jobs to San Antonio. We need more jobs such as those in technology, industry, finance and healthcare. Cities like Dallas, Austin and Houston have been successful in attracting large corporations in bringing high-income jobs into their cities. We must be as creative if not more when convincing companies to move here. If we can offer hotels tax abatements to lure them into building here, why cant we do the same for high skilled worker type companies that want to make San Antonio a home. Cities such as Dallas and Houston suffer from things like high cost of living, crime, pollution and bad traffic. These items should be carrots for us when companies are looking for a place to move into. Consider the following average annual salaries in San Antonio during 1998, a housekeeping supervisor earns around $17,600, a waitress about $12,550,an electronic engineer $57,290, financial managers $56,610, and medical scientist s around $70,060. Looking at the previous salaries it is safe to say the here in San Antonio there is a wide disparity of salaries.

Health Society Essay

1. What would be an argument in support of sin taxes on fast-food meals?Considering that fast-food meals are usually less expensive than healthier options and provide food quickly for underpaid and overworked Americans, how might sin taxes unintentionally reproduce class difference? A good argument on the issue of taxing fast food is that it could help the health of our society. Most people tend to buy fast food because of time or just not wanting to cook and because most of the healthier food is more difficult to gain financially. Taxing this type of food may help in some way in reducing the high percentage of people who prefer junk food over healthier, however, not only people who do not have the ability financially to buy food buy food healthier fast, most people are poor or rich, at least once in their life bought fast food. So I think that on one hand the rise of fast food taxes may help, but may also have little effect. So, I think there is no argument that safe enough for this problem. besides, I think if implemented taxes on fast food are placed I think not much difference between social classes because most people can buy fast food without being too rich, I do not think there is a difference but it can be seen as people who often eat fast food very often buy more healthy food, because if taxes are raised on fast food may have almost the same price as the food healthier and that will think twice when people buy food choices. 2. How could the social construction of illness help us understand hypochondria? The social construction of illness can help us to understand hypochondria by telling us what is this disease about and why it is developed. First, it may help us by telling us what are the causes of this disease and the main factors that influence in order to develop this kind of disease. Also it may help us by telling us if there is any social beliefs about this disease and how it may be seen by people. Then, social construction will help us to understand this disease by making experiments, polls, and surveys in order to develop a diagnose or create a treatment. This will also help us to understand how to live and deal with this kind of disease and to know the reactions and other kind of factors and effects to consider. Finally medical  knowledge about illness and disease is given to us to understand it correctly to manage a severe disease like hypochondria. I believe that social construction of illness can help us in many ways to understand all kinds of diseases and Social constructionism also provides an important interpretation to medicine’s largely deterministic information about disease and illness, and it can help us to make the right decisions.

Distance learning in relation to access Essay

Distance learning is educational instruction and information that is offered to learners who are usually physically away from the origin of those instructions or information. It provides opportunity to individuals who could not have the time and money to pursue the traditional classes because of the distance from the learning facilities and high costs of undertaking the course. This kind of learning has been made possible because of internet expansion which has been witnessed in recent years. The main tool used by learners in the distance learning programs is the internet. The internet provides them with learning information in different formats such as sound bits, music, voice and graphics which can be represented in a unique type of artwork like video and animation. Other tools which can supplement the internet include: emails, online video conferencing, news groups and mailing list (Duffy, p. 55). Advantages and disadvantages to individuals Advantages: Distances learning provide individuals with flexible schedules. For example, some colleges offer synchronous learning such that students taking a given class start and finish at a given time. Others offer asynchronous learning where each individual is given the opportunity to choose the time to enroll for classes and usually they are allowed to learn at a speed they feel is convenient to them. They give an individual an opportunity to advance his/her education without leaving his/her job. People can advance in their field of specialty through taking specialized career training courses. The courses do not affect the present employment which is one of the benefits that distance learners get to enjoy. Online learning is cheaper compared to traditional classroom learning. This is because the costs of moving to and from the college are eliminated and other fees that campus students have to pay like medical insurance are avoided (Minoli, p. 43). Disadvantages: There is social isolation. Unlike studying in traditional classes, distance learners often study alone. This brings a sense of isolation but thanks to recent technological advancements such as online chat rooms, teleconferencing and discussion forums which have helped alleviate this problem. There is no immediate feedback. Unlike traditional classrooms where the students’ performance is analyzed by asking questions and offering informal tests, distance learning students have to wait for a longer time for their instructor to review their work before providing a feedback via email or other means (Porter, p. 77). Does distance learning offer equal opportunity? According to Porter (p. 77), distance learning may not be suitable for each and every individual. This is because, for one to succeed in the program, he/she must have self discipline and be highly motivated. The course is mainly unmonitored meaning that learners are left with the full responsibility of ensuring that they continue with the course and analyze their mastering ability in various subjects and skills by themselves. The programs are available to anyone who is qualified but he/she has to be disciplined for him/her to complete the course successfully. There are no barriers which are being generated because of the use of technology to deliver college education. This is because; it encourages competition between academic institutions which promotes collaboration between businesses, academia and industries thus ensuring that learners are given quality education (Minoli, p. 43). How might distance learning serve to increase the gap between the haves and have nots? Because distance learning involves the use of advanced technology in teaching, individuals who have limited access to this kind of technology like those in third world countries may be locked out. Since education is the key to a bright future, these individuals may not have the opportunity to be educated and learn new ways to sustain them thus they will continue languishing in poverty. Works cited Duffy, P. James. College online: how to take college courses without leaving home, New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc, 1997: p. 55 Minoli, Daniel. Distance learning technology and applications, Boston: Artech House. , (1996): P. 43 Porter, R. Lynnette. Creating the virtual classroom: Distance learning with the Internet, New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. , (1997): p. 77.

Understanding Deliverance Dane

Understanding Deliverance Dane Deliverance Dane Facts Known for:  accused witch in the 1692  Salem witch trials  Occupation:  homemakerAge at time of Salem witch trials:  40 years oldDates:  January 15, 1652 – June 15, 1735Also known as Deliverance Hazeldine Dane; Dane was also spelled Dean or Deane, Hazeltine sometimes spelled Haseltine or Haseltine Family, Background: Mother: Ann or Anna – probably Wood or Langley (1620 – 1684) Father: Robert Hazeltine (1609 – 1674) Siblings: Anna Kimball (1640 – 1688), Mercy Kimball (1642 – 1708), David Hazeltine (1644 – 1717), Mary Hazeltine (1646 – 1647), Abraham Hazeltine (1648 – 1711), Elizabeth Hazeltine (1652 – 1654), Robert Hazeltine (1657 – 1729), Gershom Hazeltine (1660 – 1711) Husband: Nathaniel Dane (1645 – 1725), son of Rev. Francis Dane and brother of two accused witches, Abigail Faulker Sr. and Elizabeth Johnson Sr. Husband’s siblings: Hannah Dane (1636 – 1642), Albert Dane (1636 – 1642), Mary Clark Dane Chandler (1638 – 1679, 7 children, 5 alive in 1692), Elizabeth Dane Johnson (1641 – 1722), Francis Dane (1642 – before 1656), Albert Dane (1645 - ?), Hannah Dane Goodhue (1648 – 1712), Phebe Dane Robinson (1650 – 1726), Abigail Dane Faulkner (1652 – 1730) Children: Nathaniel Dane, 1674 - 1674Francis Dane, 1678 – 1679Hannah Dane Osgood, 1679 – 1734, married to Samuel Osgood, son of John Osgood (1691 – 1693); Mary Osgood was Hannah’s mother-in-law, married to John OsgoodDaniel Dane, 1684 - 1754Mary Allen(?), 1686 - 1772Hannah Osgood, 1686 - 1734Deliverance Foster, 1693 - 1754Abigail Carleton, born 1698 – 1775 Deliverance Dane Before the Salem Witch Trials Married in 1672 to Nathaniel Dane, son of Andover’s local Puritan minister, Deliverance Dane had married into a powerful family.   Her father was from Devon, England, and her mother had been born in Rowley, Massachusetts Province.   Deliverance was the third-eldest of their nine children. By 1692, Deliverance and Nathaniel Dane already had five children, with another conceived in mid-year before the witchcraft accusations seriously hit the family. Deliverance’s father-in-law had some years before opposed a witchcraft trial.   He was critical of the Salem Village proceedings, as well. Andover was located generally to the northwest of Salem Village. Because she was probably caught up in the accusations because of her family connections, this article highlights those close family members accused as well, to illustrate the timeline better. Deliverance Dane and the Salem Witch Trials Although Elizabeth Johnson had been mentioned in a January deposition by Mercy Lewis, nothing had come of that. (Whether that was Nathaniel’s sister Elizabeth Dane Johnson or his niece, Elizabeth Johnson Jr., is not clear.) But by August, Elizabeth Johnson Jr. had been accused and was examined  on August 10. She confessed, implicating others.   On August 11, another of Nathaniel’s sisters, Abigail Faulkner, Sr., was arrested and accused.   On August 25, Mary Bridges Jr. of Andover was examined, accused of afflicting Martha Sprague and Rose Foster.   On the 29th of that month, Elizabeth Johnson Jr.’s siblings, Abigail (11) and Stephen (14) were arrested, as was Elizabeth Johnson Sr. and her daughter Abigail Johnson (11). Both of Deliverance’s sisters-in-law, Abigail Faulkner Sr. and Elizabeth Johnson Sr., were examined on August 30. They confessed, Elizabeth at least implicating others, including her sister and her son. On August 31, Rebecca Eames  was examined for the second time, and her confession included accusations against Abigail Faulkner.   Stephen Johnson then confessed on September 1, saying he had afflicted Martha Sprague, Mary Lacy, and Rose Foster. Deliverance Dane Accused Around   September 8: Deliverance Dane, according to a petition issued after the end of the trials, was first accused when two of the afflicted girls were called to Andover to determine the cause of sickness of both Joseph Ballard and his wife. Others were blindfolded, their hands laid on the â€Å"afflicted persons,† and when the afflicted persons fell into fits, the group was seized and taken to Salem. The group included Mary Osgood, Martha Tyler, Deliverance Dane, Abigail Barker, Sarah Wilson and Hannah Tyler. Some were, the later petition said, persuaded to confess what they were suggested to confess.   Afterward, over their shock at arrest, they renounced their confessions.   They were reminded that Samuel Wardwell had confessed and then renounced his confession and was therefore condemned and executed; the petition states that they were frightened that they would be next to meet that fate. Deliverance Dane confessed under examining. She said that she had been working with Mrs. Osgood. She implicated her father-in-law, Rev. Francis Dane, but he was never arrested.   Most of the records of her arrest and examinations have been lost. On September 16, Abigail Faulkner Jr. (9) was accused and arrested and examined along with her sister Dorothy (12).   According to the record, they implicated their mother, stating that â€Å"thire mother apared and mayd them witches and also marth [a] Tyler Johanah Tyler: and Sarih Willson and Joseph draper all acknowlidge that they ware lead into that dradfull sin of witchcrift by hir meanse.† Abigail Faulkner Sr. was among those tried and convicted by the court on September 17, condemned to be executed.   Her sentence was suspended, however, until she could complete her pregnancy. But by the end of September, the trials had almost completely run their course.   There would be no more executions.   Now, some of those in jail and not convicted could be released – if their costs were paid for the time they’d been in jail, and a bond to ensure that they’d return if the trials resumed. Deliverance Dane After the Trials: What Happened to Deliverance Dane? We don’t know when she was released – records related to Deliverance Dane are quite spotty.   There is no indication of her release date nor the conditions under which she was released, though she may not have been indicted. Deliverance’s husband Nathaniel Dane and a neighbor, John Osgood, paid 500 pounds on October 6 to gain the release of Dorothy Faulkner and Abigail Faulkner Jr. Three other adults paid 500 pounds that day to release Stephen Johnson and Abigail Johnson along with Sarah Carrier.   On October 15, Mary Bridges Jr. was able to gain release when John Osgood and Mary’s father John Bridges paid a 500-pound bond. In December, Abigail Faulkner, Sr., petitioned the governor for clemency. Her husband’s illness had worsened, and she pleaded her case that she needed to care for the children. He arranged for her release from prison. On January 2, the Rev. Francis Dane wrote to fellow ministers that, knowing the people of Andover where he served as a senior minister, I believe many innocent persons have been accused and imprisoned. He denounced the use of spectral evidence. A similar missive signed by 41 men and 12 women of Andover was sent to the Salem court. In January, Elizabeth Johnson Jr. was among those found not guilty in a Superior Court trial of those who had been indicted in September. Another undated petition to the Salem Court of Assize, probably from January, is on record from more than 50 Andover â€Å"neighbors† on behalf of Mary Osgood, Eunice Fry, Deliverance Dane, Sarah Wilson Sr. and Abigail Barker, stating faith in their integrity and piety, and making clear that they were innocent. The petition protested the way that many had been persuaded to confess under pressure what they were charged with and stated that no neighbors had any reason to suspect that the charges might be true. John Osgood and John Bridges got Mary Bridges Sr. released on January 12 with a 100-pound bond. In 1693, Deliverance Dane appears again in the record.   On February 20 Deliverance Dane gave birth to a baby girl also named (appropriately) Deliverance – the mother was to go on to have one more child about five years later.   And also in 1693, there is on file a petition by Nathaniel Dane, asking the sheriff, clerk and jail keeper for an accounting of the â€Å"prison fees and money and provision necessarily Expended† for his wife, Deliverance Dane, and his manservant (not named). In 1700, Deliverance’s niece Abigail Faulkner Jr. asked the Massachusetts General Court to reverse her conviction. In 1703, residents of Andover, Salem Village, and Topsfield petitioned on behalf of Rebecca Nurse, Mary Esty, Abigail Faulkner, Mary Parker, John and Elizabeth Proctor, Elizabeth Howe and Samuel and Sarah Wardwell – all but Abigail Faulkner, Elizabeth Proctor, and Sarah Wardwell had been executed – asking the court to exonerate them for the sake of their relatives and descendants.   Francis and Abigail Faulkner, Nathaniel Dane (Deliverance’s husband) and Francis Dane (presumably her father-in-law) were among those signing the petition. Another petition was filed that year on behalf of Deliverance Dane, Martha Osgood, Martha Tyler, Abigail Barker, Sarah Wilson and Hannah Tyler, who had been arrested together. May 1709: Francis Faulkner joined with Philip English and others to submit yet another petition on behalf of themselves and their relatives, to the Governor and the General Assembly of Massachusetts Bay Province, asking for reconsideration and remuneration. In 1711, the  legislature of the Province of Massachusetts Bay  restored all rights to many of those who had been accused in the 1692 witch trials. Included were George Burroughs, John Proctor, George Jacob, John Willard, Giles and  Martha Corey,  Rebecca Nurse,  Sarah Good, Elizabeth How,  Mary Easty, Sarah Wilds, Abigail Hobbs, Samuel Wardell, Mary Parker,  Martha Carrier, Abigail Faulkner, Anne Foster, Rebecca Eames, Mary Post, Mary Lacey, Mary Bradbury and Dorcas Hoar. Deliverance Dane lived until 1735. Motives Deliverance Dane may have been caught up in the accusations because of her close association with both witchcraft skeptic Rev. Francis Dane, and her sister-in-law, Abigail Faulkner Sr., who controlled more wealth and property than women usually did because of her husband’s large inheritance and illness that prevented him from managing it. Deliverance Dane in  The Crucible Deliverance Dane and the rest of the Andover Dane extended family are not characters in Arthur Miller’s play about the Salem witch trials, The Crucible. Deliverance Dane in  Salem, 2014 series Abigail and the rest of the Andover Dane extended family are not characters in the Salem TV series. Deliverance Dane in Other Fiction In a 2009 novel by Katherine Howe, The Physick Book of Deliverance Dane, Deliverance Dane is depicted as an actual witch.

Advantages and Disadvantages of Tourism Systems

Clipper Bay is a place or we can recognize it as a small town, which is situated by the sea on a tip of a peninsular, consisting of approximately five thousand people. According to the information given in the case study, the complete population of Clipper Bay is totally dependent upon the marine life. The whole economy of the Clipper Bay town completely revolves around the marine life and few small scale industries for their livelihood. According to the physical situations the town is completely surrounded by the hills as well as by a beautiful beach view, etc. All most all the families living in this town are completely attached with the business of fishing. Generation to generation are continuously getting attached with the same business for their livelihood. According to the information given in the case study, the town has been granted a budget of approximately $50m for the well-being of the people living in this town as well as for the betterment of the local economy of this to wn. For the economic growth of the clipper bay, according to me, the tourism industry will suit the best for the overall growth of the town. According to the data given in the case study about the clipper bay, it is a town surrounded by hills and beautiful beach. The whole population of this town is completely dependent upon the marine life for their livelihood therefore, for the overall the grown of the economy and for the revitalize process the tourism industry suits the best for the Clipper Bay. The Tourism industry is completely dependent upon the geographical, physical as well as upon the climatic conditions, which are favorable for the Clipper Bay. Tourism industries are one of the fastest growing industries nowadays. In the category of industrialization, setting a tourism industry is one of the greatest ideas for the people of the town and for the tourists as well. As we know, the Clipper Bay has been granted by a fund for the economic growth and the tourism industry will provide jobs to the people and helps them in the growth of their own business both by the internal as well as by the external factors. Tourism ha s a large number of impacts on the society like some sort of loss to the cultural heritage, degradation of ecological factors, dislocation of social factors, etc. The cost benefit analysis helps the management of an industry in assuming the actual benefits to the industry to the total cost ratio. This ratio of the total amount of benefits to the total cost invested by the industry is critically evaluated by the cost benefit analysis. With the help of the cost benefit analysis the management can easily control its overall profit ratio regarding to the investment being made by the industry. This analysis helps the management in various forms regarding to the efforts and the cost involved or invested for introducing the process of economic growth (Sewell & Marczak, 2008). The main objective for a sustainable tourism is to support the various problems arising at the time the establishment of a tourism industry in a new location or at a new place. Various problems can be faced by the management like problems related to the social equity, problems related to the environmental conditions, etc. It is one of the major responsibilities of the management to guide the people about the industry in a proper and easy way and make them clear about the various benefits regarding to the welfare of the population living in the town (Fien, Calder, & White, 2010). The management needs to follow a particular strategy for the successful accomplishment of the various tasks like rising the value of the tourism, various advantages and the disadvantages of the mass tourism, advantages and disadvantages related to the ecotourism, etc. all this helps for the welfare of the industry and for the people living in the Clipper Bay. A sustainable tourism can be described as a tourism, which neither affects the environmental conditions of the location nor the social and cultural activities of the various communities related to the tourism industry on the regular visit of the tourists from across the world. On the other hand, we can also say that a sustainable tourism industry should be beneficial for all, i.e., for the tourists, for the surrounding environment and for the various local communities those are attached to the industry. A successful tourism industry works for the overall growth by providing different- different incentives to the employees for protecting the various heritage locations and the environment. This tourism industry will provide a large number of jobs to the people living in the Clipper Bay. Various consequences are necessary for the growth of the industry as imagined by the management for the upcoming decades. Infrastructure is required in a huge amount for the protection purposes of the complete system and for the protection of the surrounding environment. All of the infrastructure should be used in an appropriate manner, so that it can be utilized in such a way that no compromises should be faced by the future generations. Making the use of latest technologies in the transport sector is one of the major reasons for enlarging the tourism business on a world- wide level. Stability regarding to the relative political bodies has made people feel safe for moving from one place to the other for a long period of time. Holidays and the various leisure facilities being provided by the tourism industries helps in encouraging the people and attracts more and more people towards itself. Benefits and Problems regarding to the tourism give us a complete description about the various positive and negative impacts of tourism industry. A sustainable tourism is responsible for providing a large number of jobs to the people living in the town by creating a large number of jobs within the industry itself. The management of the industry has to keep an eye on the various benefits being provided to the staff as well as to the other people related to the industry. By providing various facilities regarding to the safety of the cultural heritage properties and the various living bodies getting affected by the environmental conditions helps the management in successful running of the industry. Mass tourism has a bad impact on both the environment as well as on the local people so it is the responsibility of the tourism industry to manage all the circumstances carefully. Economically sustainability completely depends upon the appropriate development, equity and peace. The involveme nt of the local representative is must for the successful growth of the tourism industry and it should also fulfil the daily needs of the various local bodies attached to the industry. The enforcement regarding to the minimum wages of the labor is must as it is already defined by the labor union. Special training programmes should be introduced by the management from time to time for guiding the new employees that how they have to interact with the tourist visiting to their place (Srinivas, 2001). Advantages and disadvantages of developing tourism at Clipper Bay is that it will provide employment to the people living there. Employment will act as a good source of income for the local people. Various businesses related to the tourism like airlines, hotels, Land transport facilities, etc. will also get a huge benefit from this. Tourism also provides various chances of collecting foreign exchange when a large number of tourists visit the Clipper Bay on a world-wide level. All these factors will help in the development of overall development of GDP of the country and it can also provide a good income to the people those who will guide the tourists about that place (Goodman, 2016). Economical disadvantages of the tourism are that they will affect the natural surroundings of the place. Attention towards the local architecture will decrease in the mass tourism days. For attracting more and more tourists towards this place, modification is necessary for which, a huge construction is r equired and for those construction purposes a large number of trees will be destroyed which surely affects the nature. All the construction processes will surely damage the wildlife parks and the hills surrounding the Clipper Bay, which will lead to affect the complete environment of the town. Socio- cultural advantages and disadvantages of developing the tourism industry at Clipper Bay will help in the overall development of the infrastructure, i.e., it will help in developing the roads, it will provide water facilities to the people, electricity will be provided to the people living in Clipper Bay, etc. The tourism industry will help in the cultural reservation by providing various economic incentives for the preservation of the food, active participation of all the people in the various local festivals depending upon the different cultural circumstances. It also provides security to the fashion and physical history of the place. Best class health care services will be provided to the people at their own place or we can say that at their doorstep (Lymos, 2014). On the other hand, there are a large number of disadvantages like destruction to the various cultural factors like different type of loss to the local language being used by the people, the loss to the religion be ing followed by the local bodies, destruction of the variety of rituals, etc. It also creates various chances of menial services, prostitution, gambling, drug trade, etc. These all factors are also responsible for diverting the young people from their studies, which will lead to an unrealistic change in the society. Environmental advantages and disadvantages of tourism play a vital role in the tourism industry. As we know, the natural environmental conditions as well as the man made environmental conditions, both have a huge impact on the tourism industry. We can say there is a complex relationship between the tourism industry and the surrounding environment. For the development of the tourism at the Clipper Bay, various types of modification are necessary, which affects the complete environment of the Clipper Bay. Mostly the environment id disturbed due to the construction processes being carried out at each and every location of the place (Johnson, 2014). For providing a large variety of facilities to the tourists a large number of resorts, hotels, shops, restaurants, etc. are continuously being constructed due to which the complete environment has a large number of bad impacts on it (Mozer, 2016). On the other hand, the tourism industry is very beneficial for the Clipper Bay, because the tour ism industry actively participates for the protection of the environment and for the conservation processes. It plays an efficient and an effective role in creating awareness among the local bodies regarding to the various important environmental values. The tourism industry also helps by serving the society with employment facilities and by providing various chances for the financial growth of the people (Theuns, 2015). The tourism industry provides a large number of facilities to all the local bodies by providing them a large number of jobs. The tourism industry helps in the overall growth of the Clipper Bay by attracting a large number of tourists towards the Clipper Bay. By making the use of a particular strategy, the tourism industry helps in the overall growth of the GDP of the country. Due to the tourism industry, the country got a chance for collecting a large amount of foreign exchange at the time when a large number of tourists visit the Clipper Bay from different countries across the world. For the successful running of the any of the tourism industry, it is necessary for the management to take some strict actions for the sake of the environment. They need to actively participate for the conservation of the various cultural activities, rituals, etc. to which the local bodies are attached from a long time. They need to take care of the heritage properties, hills, beach, marine life, etc. by which the Clipper Bay is completely surrounded. The main objective of the tourism industry is to fulfil all the needs of the tourists and to provide them a good quality of products and facilities. Fien, J., Calder, M., & White, C. (2010). Sustainable tourism: Introduction. Retrieved from https://www.unesco.org/education/tlsf/mods/theme_c/mod16.html Goodman, P. (2016, October 03). The Advantages and Disadvantages of Tourism. Retrieved from https://soapboxie.com/economy/Advantages-and-disadvantages-of-tourism Johnson, M. (2014, June 10). 8 Disadvantages of Tourism: The Dark Side of Vacations. Retrieved from https://blog.udemy.com/disadvantages-of-tourism/ Lymos. (2014, November 23). Advantages and disadvantages of tourism. Retrieved from https://lang-8.com/1081094/journals/285389197148769664057495239465567738508 Mozer, D. (2016). Tourism Development: Outline of Advantages and Disadvantages. Retrieved from https://www.ibike.org/encouragement/travel/tourism.htm Sewell, M., & Marczak, M. (2008). Using cost analysis in evaluation. Retrieved from https://cals.arizona.edu/sfcs/cyfernet/cyfar/Costben2.htm Srinivas, H. (2001). Environmental impacts of tourism. Retrieved from https://www.gdrc.org/uem/eco-tour/envi/ Theuns, H. (2015, January 12). Globalization and Tourism: Pros and Cons. Tourism Recreation Research, 33(1), 99-105. Retrieved from https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/02508281.2008.11081294

Economics Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Economics - Research Paper Example (Clark, (2006)) In the early 80's the economy experienced a recession and this was followed by an economic boom in the late 80's, the fiscal policy measures were aimed at imposing cyclical adjustment, the fiscal policy for the recession of early 80's was contractionary fiscal policy and this led to a reduction in public sector deficits. In the economic boom of the late 80's fiscal policies were expansionary was recorded following and surpluses of the late 80's were turned into deficits in 1990. Expansionary fiscal policies were used in the following years and this saw a further increase in deficit whereby a 5.5% of GDP deficit was recorded for the year 1992 and 1995, this increase in borrowing led to an increase in deficits whereby it reached 7.8% of GDP in the year 1993, there was a further decline in borrowing and in 1998 the economy recorded a surplus reaching 2.0% of GDP in the year 2000. From the above it is evident that in 1997 and 1998 and also for the year 2006 and 2007 sound policies were implemented and this was a reduction in borrowing leading to better economic growth and performance. (Clark, (2006)) From the above chart it is evid... In the economic boom of the late 80's fiscal policies were expansionary was recorded following and surpluses of the late 80's were turned into deficits in 1990. Expansionary fiscal policies were used in the following years and this saw a further increase in deficit whereby a 5.5% of GDP deficit was recorded for the year 1992 and 1995, this increase in borrowing led to an increase in deficits whereby it reached 7.8% of GDP in the year 1993, there was a further decline in borrowing and in 1998 the economy recorded a surplus reaching 2.0% of GDP in the year 2000. From the above it is evident that in 1997 and 1998 and also for the year 2006 and 2007 sound policies were implemented and this was a reduction in borrowing leading to better economic growth and performance. (Clark, (2006)) Part (b) Data plot for the years 1996 to 2006: (i) The public sector net borrowing The chart below summarises the public sector net borrowing for the year 1996 to 2006, data was retrieved from National Statistics (2009) From the above chart it is evident that in 1996 to 1997 public borrowing was negative, however public sector borrowing increased and for the year 1998 to 2001 public sector net borrowing was positive, this was followed by a decline in borrowing in 2002 to 2006 the public sector net borrowing was negative. This means that there has been cycles of increase and decline in the public sector net borrowing, this also shows that there are period of deficits and surpluses from the chart above meaning that in some years the government spending was less than income resulting into surpluses, while in the other period spending was greater than income resulting into borrowing. From

Compare ICD-9 to ICD-10 Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Compare ICD-9 to ICD-10 - Assignment Example There are instances where new codes have been allocated to different chapters, a factor that hinders location of all available codes. In contrast, the new edition is arranged in such a manner that character length is increased, which highly extends the quantity of available codes (Lazakidou, 2006). Its structure, flexibility, and capacity are up-to-date to capture the medical experience and technological advances. The content conveyed by the two codes is dissimilar. ICD-9 codes contain at least 3-5 digits that begin with either a letter or a number. ICD-10 codes comprise of seven digits. Some similarities can be identified in the two systems. Their organization tends to match, where both use a decimal after three characters. This means that anyone who is able to code ICD-9-CM qualifies to make a transition coding to ICD-10-CM. According to Lazakidou, the rules, conventions, and guidelines are also alike. The first three digits match with the ICD-9 code, with the third digit being followed by a decimal point. However, the digits after the decimal have a particular meaning. For instance, in surgical and medical guidelines, the digits that come later are specific to a surgical approach, body part, and other requirements for billing. Correspondingly, the ICD-10 codes follow suit with seven digits to represent diagnosis codes. The transition procedure from ICD-9 to ICD-10 will entail a conversion based on a forward and backward GEMs map offered by the CMS. There will be a process with one cluster being converted at a time to safeguard the clinical aim of the classification. Alternatively, codes may be transited through using consistent probability distribution, and the converted data be audited to validate the process (Lazakidou, 2006). ICD-9 and ICD-10 differ in sequencing, depending on the circumstances surrounding the encounter. For instance, it is notable that ICD-10 sequencing instructions for anemia

Beach Bum Gym Thesis Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 5500 words

Beach Bum Gym - Thesis Example It will provide exclusive services to the customers by expert trainers. Furthermore, the cost of the services will also be attractive for customers. Beach Bum Gym will simply target the young and adult customer segment within the age group between 16 to 34 years. It is expected that the gym will gain significant profit and sales in due course of its operations. The management team of the business will consist of manager, instructors, security personnel and receptionists who will help to run and to manage the club operations effectively. It is expected that in order to open the business almost US$ 635,00 will be required as startup fund. The major competitive advantages of the gym will be its locational advantages, inexpensive membership fees and attractive workout atmosphere. Industry and Proposed Company Gym i.e. fitness and health industry is one of the fastest growing industries in the United States. In recent years, this industry has displayed considerable progress in terms of re venue and memberships. According to the data of ‘International Heath, Racquet & Sportsclub Association’ the revenue of gym clubs in the US had increased by 5% to US$ 21.4 billion in the year 2011 than the previous year. The number of membership has also augmented by 2.4% to 51.4 million than 2010 (South University, 2011). As stated by IBIS World, the demand for gym, fitness and health clubs will increase on upcoming days and people are becoming more conscious with regard to maintaining healthy lifestyle and focusing more on staying fit (IBISWorld, 2012). Due to the obesity related influences in the US, fitness and weight loss has gained increased popularity. In the year 2009, the number of gym clubs was 26830 which had increased to 29960 in 2011 (South University, 2011). Considering the industry attractiveness, the business plan is proposed for developing a gym club named ‘Beach Bum Gym’. The club will be located on beach area of Hampton, US and will provid e workout and gym facilities to the people. Although the industry is lucrative but it is highly cyclical and competitive business and thus, Beach Bum Gym has to compete with other health and fitness clubs in the Hampton area. Products and Services Beach Bum Gym will have different products and services for people. The products of the gym would be divided into three categories i.e. nutrition products, fitness products, and gym accessories. The following table will describe the products that will be offered by the Beach Bum Gym for customers: Nutrition Products Body Fitness Products Gym Accessories Energy Drinks Treadmills Headphones Supplements Dumbbells Music Health Drinks Elliptical Clothing General Nutrition Stationary Bikes Fitness DVD Sport Drinks Rowing Machines Protein Weight Benches Barbells Source: (Gymlink Australia, 2011) Apart from several products, Beach Bum Gym will also provide numerous services to the customers. The services that will be provided by the Beach Bum Gym would be fitness classes, individual training and group workouts. Beach Bum Gym will provide different membership options for people on the basis of time and purchasing

Language Reflecting Our Culture And Reality Cultural Studies Essay

Language Reflecting Our Culture And Reality Cultural Studies Essay Language is a system of symbols that allows members of a society to communicate with one another. It is more than just a mean of communication. It can also be viewed as an important element in shaping our culture and the perception of reality. This paper will focus on the relationship between language, culture and reality; also how media and gender culture have influences on the relationship. With the help of different scholars view, we can analysis how language reflect our culture and reality. Linguists have studied the relationship between language and culture by the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis. It accounts the differences in language across culture. According to the hypothesis, language is a guide to social reality which state that language is attaching to the real world. Sapir-Whorf hypothesis indicates the strong relationships among culture, language and reality into a cohesive whole. The Sapir-Whorf hypothesis shows that people perceive the world through the cultural lens of language which can be easily understood with the diagram below. In other words, language acts like the lens on a camera in filtering reality, Language is the medium by which one views the world, culture, reality and thought. This example is best to illustrate the crux of the hypothesis reality for a culture is discoverable in its language. There are two important aspects in the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis, they are vocabulary and grammar and syntax of a language. Let me give a personal experience to state the above concept. I was an exchange student after graduating from secondary school and stayed in a host family in the United States. People there love to party and are addicted to alcohol. They get different words referring to different forms of alcohol, including liquor, brew, booze, wine, beer, drink, firewater, shooter, etc. The point of telling my experience is that these terms are rarely used in Hong Kong because we rarely encounter alcohol other than beer and wine.  We can see that it has a particularly rich vocabulary for alcohol, which shows that it is an important thing in American culture. Culture is evident not only in the vocabulary but also the grammar and syntax. I studied German during that exchange year, and found that the grammar and context is so different between Chinese and German. There are no articles, a, an, the counted with the noun in Chinese. In German, each noun must be categorized as either feminine or masculine with the collocation of the articles der, die, and das. This shows us that the grammatical gender is an essential part in German culture. However, there are arguments that against the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis, one is made by Fiona Cowie, There are in the grammar observations that apply to all languages; these observations constitute what one calls general grammar. In examining this thought, some cultures and languages are related to each other and have similarities. It contradicts with the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis which states that all cultures see the world differently according to their language. In addition, Tomas Tsoi argued that language carries little tendency in our thinking, and it cannot constitute with what Sapir-Whorf has suggested to be habitual thought. His evidences are if language indeed reflects world view, there are totally different world views among the same linguistic group, while people speaking different languages share similar world views. Besides, he also argues that how does a multilingual holds his world view if it is dependent on languages, because it will lead to contradiction. How do people come to understand the reality? The cultural environment that people grow up in can have surprising effects on how they interpret the world around them. This happens by way of different agents of socialization. Media is one of the important socialization in reinforcing the cultural environment and the perception of reality, but so are family, school and peers. Media showers society with languages and images everyday. These images are delivered to the public through a variety of mediums, such as television, radio, newspaper. Language is a basic medium in the establishment of reality. Media act as a conduit in transmitting the image of reality. In other words, language reflects the culture and reality of its users. Media are never neutral for providing information. The images which we think depictions of reality are actually shaped, because they are filtered through media to the general public. The mass media acts as a translator and bridges the gap. Racism, prejudice and discrimination are all perpetrated through media discourse. This is why people need to have a high potential of media competence to decode what is being said. From the essay which is written by Ray Surette, he stated that the social construction of reality have influences on different individual. People construct their social reality based upon their interaction with an objective reality with their first hand experiences. Thus, the information they receive from a cultures reality, such as language and the media create a subjective reality that directs their social behavior. In urbanized societies, the mass media play a crucial role in the social construction of reality because knowledge of many social phenomena is obtained solely through the media. The mass media has become the dominant player in America. Furthermore, when other sources of knowledge are not available, the media play a greater role in the construction and dissemination of social reality. In fact, media convey different ideologies. Under the influences of powerful groups, it is hard for media to strike balance between facts and different ideologies. Therefore, audiences should bear the responsibility to distinguish message that are being delivered. The concept of media literacy is found to overcome the distortion of the truth from the messages that are created by the media. It is a process of accessing, analyzing, evaluating and creating messages in a wide variety of media modes, genres and forms. According to Jane Tallim, media literacy  is the ability to sift through and analyze the messages that inform, entertain and sell to us every day. By activating the concept of media literacy, people gain greater awareness of the potential for misrepresentation, especially through commericals and public relations techniques, and to understand the role of mass media in constructing views of reality. Moreover, media conveys a distinct message regarding gender and gender roles which leads us to the topic of language and gender. Males represent face-isms, their faces are shown more often than their bodies, which is associated with character and intellect. Since women are being objectitfication as a sex appeal product, females represent body-isms or partial-isms which is associated with weight and emotion. The topic of language and gender concerns in which men and women use their language differently and how the structure of language reflects or promotes gender division within a society. All of us have different styles of communicating with other people. The styles that men and women use to communicate have been described as debate vs. relate, report-talk vs. rapport-talk, or competitive vs. cooperative. Men often seek straightforward solutions to problems whereas women tend to establish intimacy by discussing problems with the frequency usage of tag questions. Dale Spender writes males, the dominant group, have constructed sexism and developed a language trap in their own interest. This makes the male in the superior position and lead to sexism in language. Men have made their world out of their reality, and women are forced to live with these meanings. Another scholar, Shiela Rowbotham says If she enters mankind she loses herself to himshe represents a woman but he is mankind. Women lose their roles in society because they are considered to go along with the rest of mankind, instead of womankind. The Interpretation Act was an act that was passed in England in 1850 that simplified the language that was used in statutes, legally enabling he to be written instead of he or she. This Act was passed in order to promote the primacy of the male. At that time, there were no women in Parliament to vote against this Act, so it was being passed. It constructed that females had to adhere to a male reality for the world. Spender suggests, In order for the women of today to make their own reality, they must understand how the creation of this world is accomplished. The way to accomplish the above thought is to explore the relationship between language, culture and reality. Therefore, gender equality is a reality many people would like to bring out and our language should reflect this. According to Spender, By changing our language we help change reality in a way that makes our language more accurate. If we change our language, we are to some extent manipulating the social reality. That is an ideology matter and somehow a paradox of socially constructed realities. Our language and society reflect one another, it is important for us to recognize and respect change in the meaning and the acceptability of words. As a conclusion, the Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis has changed the way many people look at language. Elaine Chaika states Language and society are so intertwined that it is impossible to understand one without the other. There is no human society that does not depend on, is not shaped by, and does not itself shape language This statement best defines the relationship between languages, culture and reality. Language does not only shape the way reality is perceived but reality also shapes language. For my standpoint there is no sound system to reflect our culture and reality through language. Language does influence culture and perception of reality but language does not govern culture or reality.

The Circus :: essays research papers

A circus is an arena for acrobatic exhibitions and animal shows. Usually circular and surrounded by tiers of seats for spectators, a circus may be in the open air but is usually housed in a permanent building or sheltered by a tent. The term circus is also applied to the performance itself and to the troupe of performers. The entertainment offered at a circus generally consists of displays of horsemanship; exhibitions by gymnasts, aerialists, wild-animal trainers, and performing animals; and comic pantomime by clowns. The first modern circus was staged in London in 1768 by Philip Astley, a former sergeant major in the English cavalry, who performed as a trick rider. Beginning with a visit to Paris in 1772, Astley introduced the circus in cities throughout continental Europe and was responsible for establishing permanent circuses in a number of European countries as well as in England. A circus was first presented in Russia in 1793 at the Winter Palace in Saint Petersburg. By the early 19th century several permanently based circuses were located in many larger European cities. In addition, small traveling shows moved from town to town in caravans of covered wagons in which the performers lived. The traveling shows were usually simple affairs, featuring a fiddler or two, a juggler, a ropedancer, and a few acrobats. In the early circuses such performers gave their shows in open spaces and took up a collection for pay; later, the performers used an enclosed area and began to charge admission. By contrast, the permanently-based circuses of Europe staged elaborate shows. In the earlier part of the 19th century a main feature of the permanent circus program was the presentation of dramas that included displays of horsemanship. The circus was introduced in the United States by John Bill Ricketts, an English equestrian who opened a show in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, in 1792 and staged subsequent circuses in New York City and Boston, Massachusetts. President George Washington reportedly attended a Ricketts circus and sold the company a horse in 1797. The Ricketts circus remained in existence, with several name changes, through the first decade of the 19th century. Some of the outstanding companies in the early history of American circuses were the Mount Pitt circus and the troupes of the American animal tamer Isaac Van Amburgh, the American chemist and inventor Gilbert Spaulding, and the American clown Dan Rice. Throughout the 19th century the circus evolved in programming and

Dog Breeding and Society Essay

Dogs are known to be man’s best friend. Cliche as it may sound like, dogs have proven continually over the centuries since they were first domesticated, just how helpful they can be in human lives. From being mere allies on the hunting grounds during the Neolithic period to adored and prized pets of families, dogs have been trained to take on more and more roles in human society. The domestication and subsequent breeding of dogs began with their ancestors the wolves. During the Paleolithic and Neolithic periods of human history, both man and wolves shared the same objective of hunting and gathering food, as well as the same enemy, the big cats. (Kreiner 4) Perhaps the humans at that time realized the benefits of having canines on their team in hunting and tracking prey that they began capturing wolf cubs and treating them as pets to be raised as hunters. (â€Å"Dogs and People: The History and Psychology of a Relationship†) With the evolution of dogs into many different breeds, people have also come to realize that not all dogs are the same and that is not just in reference to their physical appearance. In terms of utility, some dogs proved to be better suited to specific jobs like hunting and herding. Similarly, an appreciation for the physical and temperamental qualities of different dogs started taking root. From being mere canine companions, dogs started to be bred to fulfill specific duties. Dog breeding started to be a quest to find and develop the perfect specimen of dog breeds according to utility and genetics. HISTORY OF DOG BREEDING Since humans first started noticing the high trainability and utility of dogs, dogs have started to be bred for special purposes. These include hunting and retrieval of game, military and police service, guides for the blind, and erstwhile companions. (â€Å"Dog†) Dog breeding also finds its roots in the 19th century. Dog breeders believed that the public placed a premium on dogs of a specific size, color, physical, and temperamental qualities. This was proven true when the demand for â€Å"quality† puppies from dog breeders rose from purchases made by people seeking canine companionship or those who needed dogs for herding and hunting. Today the â€Å"elite† and prime examples of different dog breeds can often be seen show cased and recognized in Kennel clubs and dog shows held both nationally and internationally. The year 1859 saw the first dog show in Newcastle, England where judges focused mainly on working dogs and their skills rather than appearance. Dogs of different breeds paraded on floors sprinkled with sawdust and the judging was done only by three men. Today, the American Kennel Club (AKC) is one of the largest of such organizations concerned with recognizing exemplary specimens and abilities of registered dog breeds. Various competitions for dogs measuring their performance level at different skills are done on mostly weekend events. The competitions range from criteria based on different types of dogs or skills such as tracking and following commands. (Baldwin, and Norris 1) â€Å"There are three types of competition–conformation, obedience, and agility. The agility ring is the one many people are familiar with, where dogs go through various exercises and around obstacles,† says Adrian Woodfork, a licensed AKC judge†(Stokely 175) The conformation competition is said to be targeted at challenging breeders to improve the quality of purebred dogs through extra careful selection of breeding specimens as well as faithful recording of bloodlines, temperament and hereditary traits. (Stokely 175) Every year the AKC publishes a â€Å"point scale† that lists the number of awards available at each show based on the number of specific breeds involved in the show. Some actually view these competitions as perfect opportunities to learn more about different breeds particularly if there are contemplating buying a dog. THE NEW CAREER DOGS: Dogs bred and trained for specific jobs or purposes In addition to the traditional breeder who turns out show quality or traditional working dogs for either altruism or profit, there is another kind of breeder who caters to a market that requires highly intelligent and even-tempered dogs for modern purposes. Breeding Racing Dogs Kennel owner Maria Beck (Clarke, Wright, and Jones 250) is the owner of the Lightning Ridge Kennel in Kansas City, Kansas. It is from here that she not only breeds and trains champion greyhounds, but is the only known African American woman kennel owner in the business. Of greyhounds, she shares: â€Å"The animals are so graceful. The excitement of seeing them race took my heart and I realized that it was what I wanted to do. † Breeding Police or Military Dogs Dogs also contributed greatly to their human counterparts during wartime. In World War II, the American Kennel Club and a group called â€Å"Dogs for Defense† got together some quality dogs for donation to the Quartermaster corps. German Shepherds, Belgian Sheep Dogs, Doberman Pinschers, Farm Collies and Giant Schnauzers were trained in the new K-9 Corps between 1942 and 1945. These dogs would later end up saving the lives of thousands of men in combat by acting as sentries, â€Å"partners† and friends to the military or civilian guard on patrol as well as being scouts, messengers and mine-detection dogs. (â€Å"Dogs and People: The History and Psychology of a Relationship†) The K-9 program remains in place up to present time with dogs employed in police work of drug and bomb detection as well as search and recovery. â€Å"We look for high-energy dogs that have a high fetch drive, mostly bird dogs, like labradors and golden retrievers,† says Steven Buzzard of the West Virginia Division of Corrections (Clayton 64). Breeding seeing eye dogs The high trainability of certain dog breeds have also made them suitable for other jobs outside of the military and police force. Helen Docherty (â€Å"PUPPY LOVE; Ena Will† 30) is just one of the volunteer â€Å"walkers† who work with dogs at the Guide Dog for the Blind Association in the United Kingdom. Dogs like German shepherds, Labrador retrievers and Golden retrievers in addition to the occasional Boxer and mixed breeds are trained to guide the blind and keep them company. Helen describes her experience as: â€Å"You just have to remember that this dog came for a purpose and it will go on to do what it has been trained to do. The comforting thing is at least you’ve played a part in preparing the dog for the fabulous job in life it is meant for, with a blind person. † Breeding for purebreds Purebred dogs (â€Å"Dog†) are the products of â€Å"inbreeding† or â€Å"line breeding† which just keeps dog mating within just one family bloodline. Inbreeding means that bitches are mated with litter-mates, while line bred dogs are those that are the product or mating between a bitch and its close cousins, grand sire, and so on. These dogs are usually bred to conform to the standards of a certain breed and whose bloodline and lineage (also called pedigree) has been recorded for a prescribed period of time. Kennel Clubs usually keep track of the lineage of registered individual purebreds in order to preserve breed standards. Breeding aimed to diversify gene pool. Some breeders focus mainly on the appearance of their dogs without much regard for its pedigree. Mating dogs that are unrelated to each other through assortative mating, breeders try to solidify positive traits. This is also done when a breeder tries to acquire a lacking trait for his stock by mating one of his dogs with another who displays the desirable trait. Breeding hunting dogs There are also breeders who cater to buyers who need dogs for more specific and utilitarian purposes. Hunting and retrieval dogs are just one of the specialized breeds that enjoy a â€Å"niche† market. So does sporting dogs such as the retrievers, pointers, spaniels and setters. These dogs are especially useful for their ability to track air scents. Ground scent hunters belong to the hound group made up of beagles, foxhounds and bloodhounds. Olden England saw a great demand for this particular kind of breed for their fox hunts and point to point chases. Other dogs that are held in high regard by hunters are the visual hunter greyhound dogs and terriers, which were valuable in hunting burrowing prey. Breeding sheep dogs There were also breeders who specialized in working dogs that are used as herders or guides. This included collies, the German Shepherd and the massive St. Bernard. Ladies who wanted companionship proved to be another market for the breeders. Toy and lap dogs such as the Pekingese and the Pomeranian were elevated to â€Å"status symbols† and cuddly playthings. Other companions were the non-sporting dogs the Boston terrier, the bulldog, the chowchow and the Dalmatian. ISSUES CONCERNING THE BREEDING OF DOGS Whatever the dog owner’s reason is for breeding their dogs, the health and safety of the dogs themselves remain at a risk. In the article â€Å"Eight Good reasons NOT to Breed your Dog† by Dr. Elizabeth L. DeLomba, DVM,(2000) she enumerates the following facts that aspiring breeders may not be aware of: 1. Not all dogs are built to breed. Bitches can die during puppy birth. 2. With the massive rise in pet overpopulation and the numbers of dogs that need to be put down in shelters, there are just too many dogs around. 3. Dogs that are not neutered face serious risk of accidents as unaltered males have high tendencies and urges to roam in search of a female. 4. Unspayed females often attract unwelcome attention from dogs of all breeds. 5. Dog labor is not as easy as some people may think. There are instances when dogs need C-sections in order to birth the puppies. 6. Puppy health and survival are not always assured. 7. Not all dogs have the mothering instinct. Puppies can die due to neglect by their mothers. 8. Preparing puppies for sale won’t necessarily bring breeders a wind fall. There are various expenses such as de-worming, vaccine and neo-natal care that are required for newly born puppies. Some believe that putting dogs in shows are not helping them either. While some may argue that the dogs enjoy the outing, there is the stress of performing in a noisy and often tight space crowded with both humans and dogs. Dutch consulting geneticist E. L. Hagedoorn postulates: â€Å"In the production of economically useful animals, the show ring is more of a menace than an aid to breeding. Once fancy points are introduced into the standard of perfection, the breeders will give more attention to those easily judged qualities than to the more important qualities that do not happen to be of such a nature that we can evaluate them at shows. Showing has nothing to do with utility at all, it is simply a competitive game. † (Burns) There have been criticisms that some judges in the popular dog shows do not even know what work the dogs they are judging are capable of doing. Most of the awards are given to dogs that are â€Å"beautiful† and â€Å"fashionable. † Because of this, some show dog owners have taken to cropping the ears and docking the tails of their dogs for cosmetic purposes. The American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA) is opposed to trimming dog ears for cosmetic and show reasons deeming it as a medically unnecessary and stressful procedure for the dogs to undergo. The AVMA has called on the American Kennel Club and other breed associations to ban dogs with cropped ears from dog shows. (353) Backyard breeders who join shows and obsess about winning ribbons rather than improvement and development of the breed usually last around five years before the interest tapers off according to estimates by the AKC. This often leaves dogs who are beautiful but whose functions and skills have been greatly diminished. â€Å"It is a sad but undeniable fact that breeding to a strict standard of physical points is incompatible with breeding for mental qualities. â€Å"(Lorenz 84) Because awards are given to physically perfect dogs, less attention is paid to the temperament and intelligence of both parent dogs this contention has been proved by the fact that various pure breeds of dog did retain their original good character traits until they fell a prey to fashion. (Lorenz 86) In the article â€Å"The Westminster Eugenics Show† by Jonah Goldberg published in the February 13, 2002 edition of â€Å"The New Republic,† he criticizes the way dog shows such as the Westminster has demoted the functionality and intelligence of dogs into just prancing for a beauty pageant. â€Å"The problem is that Westminster does not judge breeds for those traits which rightly make a breed a breed. The Pointers aren’t asked to point (even though the logo of the Westminster Kennel Club has been a pointing Pointer for over a century). The Bassets and Bloodhounds do not track. The Otter Hounds are not tested to see if they could kill, let alone identify, an otter. And so on and so on. â€Å"With the exception of a handful of breeds who were bred to do nothing but either keep your hands warm or wait until some Aztec chef could cook them, not a single breed at Westminster is expected to do what it was bred to do†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Another issue about breeders is the level of responsibility they are credited with in the euthanasia of animals who have not been fortunate to be adopted from the shelters. Just recently, the People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals (PETA) launched a billboard campaign against dog breeders and their patrons saying that breeding dogs diminishes the chances of those in animal shelters of being adopted. On their web site, the PETA claims that despite whatever good treatment the dogs under the care of breeders and their buyers receive, they cannot be called â€Å"responsible breeders. † According to PETA, if there is anything that dog breeders are responsible for, it is the deaths of the dogs at the animal shelters who could have been adopted had not the option of purchasing a puppy or dog from a breeder was available. All these issues however, have been strongly negated by dog breeders and owners alike. On the PETA message board itself discussing the new â€Å"billboards vs. breeders campaign† buyers have stated that if they were open to buying dogs without knowledge of their backgrounds, health and temperament-wise, they would have gone to shelters in the first-place. (â€Å"What’s up now Breeders? â€Å") Similarly, breeders have posted their defense on the message boards saying that the dogs in animal shelters are the products of irresponsible pet ownership as well as uncontrolled expansion of the dog population through â€Å"puppy mills† and feral dogs that have not been either spayed or neutered. ‘TRUE BREEDERS’ IN SEARCH OF THE PERFECT DOG Nobody can take dogs more seriously than a true breeder. The selection and process of dog breeding is both an intricate and rewarding one. Before anything, dog breeders assess the physical and mental characteristics of a prospective breed of dog. These are vital for dog breeders are tasked not only with breeding and turning out physically beautiful show type dogs but also making sure that these dogs are sound and even-tempered. Everybody who has owned more than one dog knows how widely individual canine personalities differ from each other. No two are really alike any more than human beings are, even among twins; but even in human beings it is possible to pick out individual traits and, by combining them, to explain up to a certain extent the different temperaments, though character analysis can never attain the grade of an exact natural science, owing to the infinite complexity of its subject. The dog’s personality is vastly simpler, and it is much easier to explain the peculiarities of different characters by considering the development of certain ‘characteristic’ traits, and their combinations in the individual. (Lorenz 19). The quest for the perfect dog specimen is an intricate process. Dog breeds and bloodlines are produced by mating dogs with certain desirable characteristics with the purpose of producing young that carry a combination of all these characteristics. POSITION While it is true that despite its noble beginnings Dog breeding has turned into something that can be exploited for financial gain, it is thoroughly irresponsible to lump all breeders under one banner. There are some breeders who truly care about their charges and seek only to preserve that particular breed. Perhaps rather than continually blaming one organization or another for the fate endured by shelter dogs, it would be much better to push for stricter laws regarding the sales and ownership of dogs as well as measures for neutering/spaying feral canines. As for the dog shows, it would be wise to remember that it wasn’t the dog’s choice to be there. There is a need to educate both sides of the argument as to the views of the other. They may both have valid points but too radical and extreme thinking can only bring more harm than good. There has to be some form of compromise. CONCLUSION Dogs as well as other domesticated animals have brought much joy and benefits in their co-existence with human beings. Whether it be for companionship or something more utilitarian, dogs have proven to be man’s best friend in ways that other human’s just cannot. People need to be aware however that the human’s mandate of stewardship includes a responsibility to all creatures under their care. Humans are the stewards of their canine companions. Caring for dogs does not stop at simply feeding them. Bottom line however is whether human or pets, every living thing is entitled to security, protection from harm and respect. It is just a pity and a vast shame that dogs cannot talk and that they cannot be asked what they think of their status and existence in human society. Works Cited Baldwin, Cheryl K. , and Patricia A. Norris. â€Å"Exploring the Dimensions of Serious Leisure: â€Å"Love Me – Love My Dog! â€Å". † Journal of Leisure Research 31. 1 (1999): 1. 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