Compare a picture and a phograph

What is similar and what is different about paintings and photographs? Write an essay for your teacher, in which you compare and contrast paintings and photographs. Be sure to write about your ideas in detail. Paintings and photographs share many similarities, but they are also different. I'm sure that Anne Geodes, the famous photographer of babies, may have a completely different view of her subjects than Leonardo ad Vulcan had of Mona Lisa.Still, both ways of producing pictures can have Incredible results. Photographs and paintings are alike In many ways. First of all, both amateurs and professionals can make them. Professional photographers often create breathtaking images, and collectors will pay a high price to display such works in their homes. On the other hand, an amateur with a camera can simply point and click. Before you know it, the person fills photo album after photo album with exciting shots of family and friends.Similarly, a famous painter may spend years developing h is or her unique style and finally become famous. Even though most amateurs will never be famous, they still can have fun with oils or watercolors. They will enjoy expressing themselves and giving their paintings away as gifts. It Is wonderful that both forms of art can be enjoyed by many people. Also, both photographers and painters can fix mistakes. Photographers Copyright C) Houghton Mellon Company. All rights reserved. Can change images by airbrushing and by the way they develop film.For example, photographs of fashion models are sometimes airbrushed to make the models look flawless. A photographer can also develop a photo to look shadowy or bright. Likewise, painters can paint over an error or even scrape off certain kinds of paint. Though both types of artists aim for perfection, they might not reach it on the first try. Despite these similarities, photographs and paintings defer. For one thing, they require different equipment and materials. To create a painting, you need pai nt, brushes, and canvas or paper.Some artists also use a pencil to make a sketch before they apply paint. Photographers, on the other hand, need a camera and film. Professional photographers use different lenses and cameras for different kinds of photographs. They may also have Grade 8 Blacking Master (continued) darkroom equipment to develop their own photos. As you can see, the two types of strictures are made with very different tools. Last of all, photographers and painters make different use of time as they work.Photographers must capture an image in a split second. Even if they take several shots of one scene or object, each is made in a snap. Painters, however, have a choice. They can work very quickly or spend years perfecting Just one painting. As you can see, paintings and photographs are both similar and different. I have both in my home, and I appreciate the work done by the artists who Copyright Houghton Muffling Company. All rights reserved. Made them. These images hav e added a lot to my life.

Nordstrom Incâ€analyzing Financial Performance

NORDSTROM INC—ANALYZING FINANCIAL PERFORMANCE RETURN ON OPOERATING ASSETS ADDITIVE DUPONT MODEL Summary Nordstrom is one of the oldest retail companies in the United States. It started from 1901 in Seattle and has been grown to a powerful retailer in national area. Selling high quality products is the most important method for Nordstrom to collect its revenue. At the same time, Nordstrom also offers credits and debts to customers by his banks. In this case, we are trying to analysis Nordstrom’s financial statements and calculate few simple ratios to approach the performance of this company.The main point in our analysis is to figure out how Nordstrom is using its operating assets to get returning. a). ROE is used to measure the net profit in a period as a percentage of shareholder’s equity. In other word, ROE means how much net income we can get by using shareholders’ investment. ROE is more important than net income in dollar terms because ROE is a ratio. Ratio allowed analysts to compare companies’ performance over the period. In fact, the ratio can also help us compare companies in a different size or different industry.Net income in dollar terms is not widely used because this method is limited by companies’ different situations. b). ROE and RONA are both useful methods to determine a company’s performance. However, ROE and RONA measure a company’s performance in a different way. ROE considers entire company’s income, expenses and gain/loss of a company’s profit; RONA only consider a company’s net profit from operating activities. On the other hand, ROE calculates all returns which come from shareholder’s building of equity; RONA only calculates the operating assets and liabilities which don’t include the financing activities.The non-operating portion of ROE represents is that a company captures profit from financing activities and investing activities (both of them a re not operating activities). c). Marginal tax rate means a rate of tax that one company needs to pay on its next dollar of taxable income. Marginal tax rate will affect company’s future economic decisions because this tax rate is related to the economic situation. So, companies not only need to consider federal income tax but also need to consider state income tax. Tax shield is the tax reduction, which is created by items that are allowed to take deduction from tax income.For instance, interest on debt is tax-deductible, taking on debt makes tax shield. Tax shield is an important method to saving cash flow and it is a significant part of companies’ business valuation (Wikipedia, 2012). d. (in millions)| Fiscal 2009| Fiscal 2008| Fiscal 2007| Operating assets| 6,579| 5,661| 5,600| Operating liabilities| 2,394| 1,938| 1,988| Net operating assets| 4,185| 3,723| 3,612| e. 2009 NOPAT= 441 + [(138? (1- 38. 5%)] = 526 2008 NOPAT= 401 + [(131? (1-38. 5%)] =482 The dollar amo unt of Nordstrom’s tax shield from nonoperation activities in fiscal 2009 is $53 ( $ 138 x 38. 5 % ). f. 009 RNOA = $526 /[($4,185 + $3,723)/2] = $526 / $3,954 = 13. 3% 2008 RNOA = $482 /[($3,723 + $3,612)/2] = $482 / $3,668 = 13. 1% g. RNOA is improved over the two years. In order to understand the increase, we can examine NOPM and NOAT. NOPM is 6. 1 % ( $ 526 / $ 8, 627) in 2009 and 5. 6 % ( $ 482 / 8, 573) in 2008. NOPM analyzes the amount of net operating profit after tax for each dollar that is been earned by sales. The increase in NOPM may be seen a small increase but if the volume of the sales is considered, the increase would have huge impact on a increase in net income. NOAT is 2. 18 % ($ 8, 627 / 3,954) in 2009 and 2. 4 % ($ 8, 573 / 3, 688) in 2008. The decrease in NOAT shows that the company is less efficient and effective in terms of generating sales by use of assets. To conclude, it could be said that the company achieved better probability by a worse use of ope rating assets. However, the stance of the company is good and becoming better if we emphasize the increase in RNOA over the two years. h. 2009 ROE = $441 /[($1,572+ $1,210)/2] = 31. 7 % Non operating return: ROE – RNOA = 31. 7 % – 13. 3 % = 18. 4 % 2008 ROE = $401 /[($1, 210 + $ 1,115)/2] = 34. 5 % Non operating return: ROE – RNOA = 34. 5 % – 13. 1 % = 21. 4 % The ROE is decreased from 34. % to 31. 7 % over the two years. The difference between ROE and RNOA shows that there is non-operating return. Non-operating returns shows the effect of debt to finance operating assets. Moreover, it shows that Nordstrom uses liabilities or debt to increase operating assets and earnings. Nordstrom uses debt and the cost of the debt is less than the earnings, therefore it is beneficial for the company. i. Net non-operating obligations 2007: $261+ $2,236 = $2,497 2008: $275+$24+$$2,214 = $2,513 2009: $356+2,257= $2,613 FLEV 2009: [($2,613+$2,513)/2]/$1,390 = 1. 84 2008: [ $2,523+$2,497)/2]/$1,163 = 2. 15 It shows that Nordstrom has $1. 4 of non-operating liabilities for every dollar of shareholder’s equity. The company has less financial leverage compare to year 2008. Additionally, the company does not have non-operating assets; FLEV measure can be used as company’s debt-to-equity ratio too. Spread 2009: 13. 3% – ($85/$2,563) = 10. 0% 2008: 13. 1% – ($81/$2,505) = 9. 9% Nordstrom’s RNOA earned 13. 3% and 13. 1% in 2008 and 2009, while the company paying only 3. 3% and 3. 2% for its debt. Therefore, it means that the company operating return exceeds the cost of borrowing. Non-operating return 2009: 1. 84 x 10. 0% = 18. 4% 2008: 2. 15 x 9. 9% 21. 3% j. Nordstrom| TJX| Return on equity| 31. 7%| 48. 3%| RNOA| 13. 3%| 38. 3%| NOPM| 6. 1%| 6. 1%| NOAT| 2. 1%| 6. 28%| Non operating return| 18. 4%| 10. 1%| FLEV| 1. 84| 0. 29| Spread| 10. 0%| 34. 9%| The ROE of Nordstrom is 31. 7% and TJX 48. 3% show that both of the compani es are very profitable. The companies are very different than each other in terms of strategies. Nordstrom mostly uses leverage in order to increase the returns; on the other hand, TJX uses mostly stockholders equity and less leverage. Both of the companies have the same NOPM at 6. 1% that states that both companies make 6. 1 cents after tax for every dollar of sale.Furthermore, TJX has better operating asset turnover (NOAT) than Nordstrom, which shows that TJX is converting its operating assets to cash three times faster than Nordstrom. RNOA is calculated by multiplying NOAT and NOPM that is 13. 3 % for Nordstrom and 38. 4 % for TJX. The non-operating return is different for companies. The numbers are 18. 4 % for Nordstrom and 10. 1 % for TJX. The numbers show that Nordstrom has more leverage than TJX. Nordstrom’s FLEV is much higher than TJX which shows that TJX has less obligations and leverage than Nordstrom with regarding to equity. TJX’s spread is 3 times higher than Nordstrom.Although both companies have relatively close non-operating expenses to non-operating obligations number ( cost of debt ), the difference in Spread is related to RNOA numbers. Additionally, TJX does not have many obligations, which lead to low non-operating return. k. In order to improve RNOA in 2010, the company can improve its NOPM or its NOAT. Nordstrom managements have to improve their sales and reduce the expenses so as to improve NOPM. Decreasing the amount of operating assets such as long-term fixed assets can increase NOAT. Additionally, they can try some ways to collect account receivable quickly, sell inventories quickly nd sell some property or equipment. In terms of liabilities, Nordstrom managements can defer to pay bill in account payable and income tax liabilities. These methods may improve Nordstrom’s RNOA. Conclusion Nordstrom Inc. ’s RNOA ratio shows that the company’s financial performance in 2009 is slightly better than in 2008 . More specifically, the RNOA is increased from 13. 3% to 13. 1 % over the two years but its ROE is decreased. The difference between ROE and RNOA shows that there is non-operating return. Non-operating returns shows the effect of debt to finance operating assets.Moreover, it shows that Nordstrom uses liabilities or debt to increase operating assets and earnings. Nordstrom uses debt and the cost of the debt is less than the earnings, therefore it is beneficial for the company. Based on the data from balance sheet, on the other hand, the managements utilized more liabilities in 2009 than 2008 to increase the returns.. That means Nordstrom’s managers did good jobs in financial performance in 2009. However, compared with others more successful companies in the same industry, such as TJX, Nordstrom managements should try others effective methods to improve their returns.

Gear Design Software

White Paper on E-Yantra Gear Overview : E-Yantra Gear E-Yantra Gear is a software for design and optimization of gears. E-Yantra Gear gives engineers an opportunity to have several design alternatives and select the optimum design in a very short time, thereby reducing the time taken by design phase in the product life-cycle. In E-Yantra Gear, fatigue-based design is done so gears can be designed for finite or infinite life. E-Yantra Gear includes design (as per IS / AGMA / DIN standard) and analysis of following gear types: ? Spur Gear ? Helical Gear ? Bevel Gear ? Worm Gear Specifications : E-Yantra Gear E-Yantra Gear module has a very user friendly interface with which gear can be designed starting from minimum data like power, gear ratio and input speed. Initially an optimum module is calculated on the basis of which the gear is checked for acceptability. In addition, E-Yantra Gear includes other modules as given below: ? Gear Correction (as per IS/DIN/BIS standard) ? Gear Measurement (MOT/Base Tangent/Chordal Measurement) ? Magnification/Reduction Gear Box Design for Spur & Helical Gear (as per IS/DIN/BIS standard). ? Differential gear box ? Epicyclic gear box (Simple & Compound) ? Machine Tool Gear Box (Ray diagram) ? Tolerances E-Yantra Gear module can develop two dimensional sketches in the form of IGES and DXF formats which can be transferred to any standard modeling software such as AutoCAD or any analysis software. FEAST Software Pvt. Ltd. 1st Floor, Amartara Plastic Compound, Saki Vihar Road, Saki Naka, Andheri (E), Mumbai – 400 072, INDIA Phone: +91-22 6770 8753 Email : [email  protected]are. com www. feastsoftware. com  © 2010. FEAST Software Pvt. Ltd. All rights reserved. White Paper on E-Yantra Gear Input Screen Output Screen  © 2010. FEAST Software Pvt. Ltd. All rights reserved.

Japanese culture Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Japanese culture - Essay Example In Japanese films, her traditional values and identify had been mentioned little in spite of its growing popularity. The films produced in the country particularly, by Miyazaki shows Japanese tradition as static and monolithic from ancient times depicts Japanese culture as a dynamic composite of various cultures from difference period's history. The Japanese people consciously remember their tradition and culture. The Japanese culture is the combination of Japanese-ness and western-ness. There was an attempt to interpret Japanese tradition from modern viewpoint. During the period from 1955 to 1957, the media (one magazine) published the Japanese tradition controversy. The six characteristics stated above in the field of space had been divided into two streams. The Yayoa tradition was derived from the first three characteristics of Shinto shrines residential buildings and teahouses. The Jomon tradition was derived from the other three features mentioned above, they are, use of beautiful natural materials, right and left asymmetry and harmony with nature which display ordinary peoples vitality and dynamism. The Japanese-ness in architecture was not monolithic but derived from conflicting Jomon and Yayoi, Japanese cultural history as per Tange. The postwar Japanese architects were able to build up ideas of Japanese-ness in prewar years. Okinaw Okinawa, Japanese and American military personnel had various views of Japanese-ness after the pacific war. The American were in the belief that the Okinawa people were different from that of Japanese people. As a result of this, the Americans ordered Okinawa publishers to remove all associations with prewar images of Japanese-ness in their school textbooks. Thought the Okinawa was under the control of Japanese Ministry, the department of education was administratively under the control of Americans but Okinawa's had imported the textbooks from Japan since 1949. The ethnic differences between the peoples in Okinawa, Taiwan, and Korea had complicated the process of inventing Japanese-ness in the beginning of twentieth century. Many study papers reveal that the unique aspect of Japanese colony policy was attention to culture assimilation, the enforcement of Japanese language, Shinto religion and obeying the Japanese emperor were under princess during the years between 1895 and 1945. In the beginning, the Japanese technocrats were similar to Taiwan technocrats as cultural legacy of Chinese civilization bases on Confucian classics. The people of Taiwan did not accept the culture and tradition of Japanese as the text books edited and published in the year 1901 showed Japanese as evangelists of European civilization, depending on western medicine, punctuality and industriousness. During the colonial period, the modern ideas of democracy, hygiene and sanitation, Taiwanese intellectuals approved industriousness and punctuality. These aspects were partially regarded as of Japan but this legacy of official Japanese-ness was gradually faded

Innovation of Hilti Group Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3750 words

Innovation of Hilti Group - Case Study Example This danger in the workplace has been under focus in the same manner for large construction companies as for small construction companies (Hung et al., 2011) within the Australian context. One major danger from using power tools is the ability to lose control of the power tool causing physical damage to the operator as well as other workers or people in the surrounding. This kind of short term damage is augmented by long term damage that can occur from the extended use of power tools due to vibration and use. The workers who use power tools are in constant danger of developing physical disorders due to excessive vibration (Edwards & Holt, 2010) as well as losing their sense of hearing. 2.3. Innovation Imperatives facing the Organisation On the one hand manufacturers like Hilti have to come around with innovative solutions to deal with health and safety concerns posed in the workplace. On the other hand the range of global operations means that Hilti has to produce solutions that are technically acceptable and open to translation in various corners of the globe. Operating a large business in 120 countries around the world means that Hilti has to deal with a number of differing technical specifications on safety concerns, materials that are allowable for use, range of operating parameters such as voltage levels etc. Overall this indicates that Hilti has a two pronged innovation concern – one that bases itself solely on the issue of safety in the workplace and the other that concerns itself wholly with the issue of conformance to various international standards on safety and manufacturing. 2.4. Organisation’s Current Level of Innovation Hilti has carved a... The firm that is analyzed in the paper is the Hilti Group also known as Hilti AG, an end manufacturer, developer and marketeer of construction and building maintenance tools with the primary focus of production being professional end users. The company has a diverse product portfolio that includes tools for mining, measurement, cordless tools, screw fastening systems, drilling and demolition systems, diamond systems, cutting and grinding systems, direct fastening systems, anchor systems, firestop systems and construction chemicals. Although Hilti manufactures and sells a huge array of products but the company’s main focus areas are hammer drills, firestops and installation systems. Hilti is based in Schaan, Liechtenstein but has manufacturing facilities, retail outlets and marketing offices around the world. Overall the company employs more than 20,000 people worldwide. Historically the company was founded by Martin Hilti and Eugen Hilti in 1941 when they opened a workshop in Schaan, the capital of Liechtenstein. The company expanded its operations to Italy between 1948 and 1960 representing the company’s first foreign venture. Since that point in time the Hilti brand name has come to assume manufacturing, marketing and after sales support in over 120 countries worldwide. In terms of the ownership, the Hilti Family Trust owns all of Hilti’s registered shares as of 2003. Hilti has carved a reputation for itself for being a repeat innovator when it comes to the world of power tools and allied accessories.

Public Relations Assignment (Press Release) Essay

Public Relations Assignment (Press Release) - Essay Example It is not a secret that many people have more doubts about the quality and sanitarian norms of the fast food served rather than its impact upon health. It is a well-known fact that fast food contains increased amount of sugar and fat and hence not healthy, yet some people still make a choice to eat in â€Å"Carnivore Joe’s† – so it’s better to ensure them that the freshness and sanitarian norms of their food are more than satisfactory. Paying particular attention to managing and training our employees should be crucial for building up the image of a good employer. Apart from that, wages should be competitive, and staff should be taught and encouraged to get promoted within the company. I would also suggest our company’s participation in the social life of our community. For example, we might support charity projects, organize our own â€Å"green-marketing† projects that in a way compensate for our contribution into â€Å"spoiling† the nation’s health (good ideas would be ecologically-directed projects like planting trees, saving wildlife and others). We might also start using recycled cups and plates, recycled paper for wrapping burgers, etc. We must emphasize our use of environmentally safe products when preparing our dishes, and our aiming not to pollute the environment. Perhaps we should also pay more attention to specifying the fat and carbohydrates content for each product sold by us. If permitted we should also aim at selling some low-fat and low-carbohydrate food, and maybe even encourage customers buy more of this type of food and drinks. I would definitely also work on visual layout and design of the restaurants. I would study the tastes and preferences of the target audience and go for something very creative and making us stand out from the crowd in design – this might be either the interior evoking associations with home or, vice versa, something extremely innovative – perhaps even

Compare and contrast Pearl harbor Intelligence failure with Battle of Essay

Compare and contrast Pearl harbor Intelligence failure with Battle of midway intelligence success - Essay Example riority conflict between the battleship service and the carrier service departments in the US navy with each trying to reserve its independent identity. The carrier service, which had always been a subordinate to the battleship administration, was considered not very vital in naval strategy and there was a perception that an attack on Pearl Harbor was impossible. Unlike the Pearl Harbor attack, the Battle of Midway between Japanese and U.S found the United States prepared. However, the battle remained unpredictable until towards the end. In the attack that started on June 4 1942, the Japanese sought to capture the central pacific island of Midway, which was being used by the US as an airfield. The Japanese aimed to destroy the American fleet and use the island as their base. However due to Communications intelligence success, the United states Pacific fleet made a surprise attack on the Japanese sinking four of their carriers and losing one. This paper compares and contrasts the caus es of failure and success in the two battles. Prior to these attacks, there were clear signs of mistrust and suspicions by both Americans and Japanese. In addition, both Tokyo and Washington had been engaged in negotiations aimed preventing any event of war, but these later turned out as the strategies merely used to buy time as the military of the two nations put strategies in place. A clear sign of the inevitable war with Japan became evident when the American intelligence intercepted some sections of the Japanese diplomatic communications. Six messages wired from Tokyo to the Japanese embassy in Washington which communicated the deadline for the bilateral negotiations, and the consequences in case of the failure of the talks, should the US refuse to accept the terms so offered by Japan. For instance, â€Å"†¦and the messages illustrated the Tokyo’s fear or threat of rupture of the negotiations† (Lundstrom & John 2004). The other aspect of similarity is that during both the

Analysis of Valet Ticket Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Analysis of Valet Ticket - Assignment Example There is a variety of laws which regulates valet ticket across U.S. These laws have been put in place so as to safeguard consumers from the damage of cars and personal belongings inside the car. Valet parking is mostly common in California particularly in Southern California and Los Angeles (Chrest, 2001). Planet Hollywood hotel& casino based in Las Vegas has a valet parking service. The state must license each valet organization in California. In order for the hotel to qualify for the license, the hotel must have an insurance policy to protect the vehicles while in their custody. The insurance cover will protect the persons and vehicles up to a specific amount of a deductible. Bailment theory has been defined as the delivery of something in respect of trust for a special object. If a car is damaged or a person is injured while is in the hotel, the initial question is whether a valet ticket has been offered. When a car containing personal belongings is left in a valet parking, courts usually engage in two analysis to determine liability. One concerns the vehicle and the other concerns the contents in the vehicle. When keys are left with the valet operator, there is bailment. However, if there is damage to a vehicle, and the keys had not been surrendered to the valet there is no

Markting Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Markting - Essay Example The J & J’s company structure mainly revolves along its services to pharmaceuticals, consumer Medicare and health equipment diagnostics. The company brings forth a range of products for the care of the skin; infants, self-inflicted injury and oral care, as well as the ladies’ care (Form 10-K 2). There is a range of functionalities of the products produced from those of skin, baby, and oral, among others. The skin products are utilized to augment and maintain the skin’s natural protection against germs and other skin infections; baby for reducing the irritations on the baby’s skin and for the well being of the infant’s health. The Johnson & Johnson Company is a well-known company, due to the company’s great history in quality consumer products. The sales of J&J products are ever in the rise, thanks to the company’s positive responses from patients and physicians. (Datamonitor 35). J & J has high profiled brands in the market. It has a number of strong products. They include, Aveeno, Band-Aid, Carefree, Clean & Clear, Johnson’s baby and kids care, Neutrogena and Stayfree. These brands enabled the company to attain 7.5% growth revenue in the year 2008. (Datamonitor 35). The strong brand image by J&J products comes in handy when the company launches a new product to the market, because people trust most of their products. (Datamonitor 35). J&J revenue has been growing consistently from 2002 to 2006. This consistent growth has made the company be in a financially strong position. (Datamonitor 36). The healthy financial position has enabled the company to grow, and provide necessary resources for exploitation of opportunities such as promotions and in licensing. (Datamonitor 36). It has maintained a stabilized financial environment. J & J has enjoyed strategic product marketing stewardship, organizational management and structure, an efficient product supply chains, stakeholder engagement, proper public policies in marketing its products and steady

Macro assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Macro - Assignment Example Obviously with the major machinery meant for production of the new brand of soft drink Straw-berry getting totally damaged beyond repair, means that the production unit of this factory meant to be operational in the UAE has been crippled beyond repair. In other words, no manufacturing of the anticipated new straw-berry brand cannot be manufactured. Thus, our soft drink manufacturing company, Liquids Limited will have no brand of soft-drink to introduce to the UAE market in four months time as previously projected (Neyapti 31). Besides, the manufacturing plant has been imported using a lot of money that must have taken away a sizeable chunk off the company’s profits. With this in mind; the potion of liquids Limited given the circumstance is one of increased liability and weakness instead of strength. This state of weakness will increase the general capital out-lay, if another machine is to be bought to replace the one damaged on transit. The question which arises is where will that money come from? Who will carry the cost? How will it affect the cost of production? The company’s competitors, Drinks limited already seem to have an upper hand in being the first to introduce their brand of soft drink into UAE market. This is unprecedented, and could easily turn the tables of Liquids Limited in favor of Drinks Limited as it gives them the opportunity to capture a strong market segment, and work towards building brand loyalty. After having a brain-storming session with the head of production, and as the head of marketing, we effectively decided to discontinue with the proposed launch of the straw berry soft drink in UAE. This is because the imported manufacturing plant has been damaged beyond repair. This means that the liabilities of Liquids Company have increased. Launching a new product in a new market is an

Better Off Alone Essay Example for Free

Better Off Alone Essay In the bible God’s greatest servant is Job; â€Å"This man was innocent, upright, and God-fearing, and kept himself apart from evil† (66). Job did everything God requested, and yet Job was maliciously tested by his creator. Throughout the story of Job there were several accounts of Job expressing his misery that resulted from God’s cruel tests of faith. Reading the story of Job I came up with the question of, would Job be happier without the weight of God’s continuous misperception and unannounced tests? Yaweh strikes Job with a â€Å"test† and murders his sons, daughters, and animals to see if Job will still love him. Perhaps God didn’t have faith in Job instead of visa versa. Yaweh causes Job to be miserable and want to kill himself; in no way is this enjoyable, or worth proceeding to worship a deity. If God were to tell Job he is the one who permitted all of these deeds, Job would no longer follow this deity. God is lying to get what he wants from Job, I don’t believe Job would still appreciate a God that goes against what he orates. It’s as if a wife had gone behind her devoted partners back and had a secret accomplice to pursue her other in a â€Å"test† of fidelity; If she were to tell him â€Å"I tested you, and had another female pursue you to see if you would stay loyal to me†, He would be mad and most likely leave her for lack of trust. Just as Job should leave his â€Å"creator† in the dark as nothing and move on to be happy, instead of constantly trying to please a God that is never satisfied. Job is â€Å"innocent† and â€Å"kept himself apart from evil† (66) and he was also tested with God’s sinful acts of murder and pain. Job was more than true to God, he showed this by even filling his own son’s faithful void; â€Å"Job would send to purify them, rising early in the morning to offer whole burnt offerings, one for each† (66). First off Job was this great of a servant so therefor Job should have been treated better and shouldn’t have been tested. This didn’t happen; but if Job was questioned because he is known as God’s ultimate servant and he had to live up to high standards then feasibly, Job wouldn’t have to deal with an untrusting God if he never submitted. Yaweh speaks with the Accuser and even points out himself that Job is â€Å"like no one on earth†; â€Å"Have you taken note of my servant Job, for there is no one like him on earth: Innocent, upright, and God-fearing and kept himself apart from evil† (66). This is a repetitive sentence through the first section of the story; making a statement that Job has all of these reliable qualities for his God. Job is pious; even Yaweh speaks of this, right before he causes Job an enormous amount of pain. When Yaweh and the Accuser speak of challenging Job’s allegiance, Yaweh tells the Accuser â€Å"Everything he has is in your power, but do not harm his person† (67). Emotions are a part in one’s brain, and one’s brain is a part of the â€Å"person†. By killing his family and animals, this is creating the feeling of agony (harm) to his person. One can then notice God either doesn’t know what harm is or he is just so unpleasant he doesn’t care if he causes Job discomfort, he just wants to see the outcomes of such mischievous acts with Job’s irrevocable loyalty. This isn’t fair to Job, to be harmed for entertainment, what an unhappy life to live. In result of God’s first test of faith, Job unchanged, remains faithful. God figures, well that’s not enough, he then changes his statement to the Accuser and says â€Å"He is in your power, but see that you preserve his life† (67). Yaweh goes back on his words and then physically harms Job’s â€Å"person† and â€Å"smote(s) Job with sickening eruptions from the souls of his feet to the crown of his head† (67-68). Job wouldn’t need to prove devotion to God through anguish if he just had escaped from this unfortunate cruel God. The only reason Job is being chosen to be tested is because he is God’s ultimate servant. If he didn’t believe in God then he wouldn’t have been chosen because God would have already known he was not faithful. Nothing would happen to him if he said good bye to God because all of Job’s friends told him not to keep following God, and nothing cruel happened to them. Job would be happy not constantly being subjected by God’s insecurities. Just how miserable was Job? Job was enormously depressed which shows in this quote; â€Å"blot out the day when I was born† He wishes to not remember the day he was born, or wish it never happened. With his words of self-loathing it creates to the reader feelings of suicide and hate. It makes the reader feel almost apathetic towards Job, for not listening to his friends and also continuing to follow a horrendous god.

Personal Responsibility Essay Example for Free

Personal Responsibility Essay Define what personal responsibility means to you. Explain the relationship between personal responsibility and college success. Include a preliminary plan to practice personal responsibility in your education. This week, using the Center for Writing Excellence resources, provide the thesis statement and informal outline for your Personal Responsibility Essay assignment, due in Week Five. Thesis Statement: Personal Responsibility means taking accountability for my own actions, accepting whatever consequences come from my actions, and then understanding how to improve or make necessary changes. By staying organized, setting personal goals, keeping my stress level to a minimum, and staying focused, I can achieve college success. Informal Outline: I. Intro II. What personal responsibility means a. Accountability for my own actions b. Being organized c. Setting goals; both personal and academic III. Tools for personal responsibility d. Having time management skills e. Setting personal goals f. Keeping my stress level to a minimum g. Staying focused IV. What I will hold myself academically accountable for h. Attending all classes i. Reading all materials j. Doing all assignments and turning them in on time k. Studying for all exams V. Conclusion: In conclusion, although it is easier to blame others for my failures and my mistakes, it is because of my personal responsibility that I will be able to have college success. I will have a clear understanding of what I expect from my education as well as what I expect for my future. I will strive to accomplish every goal that I will set for myself in my personal life as well as the goal I will set for myself as a student. Personal responsibility determines how I choose to live my life and the things I choose to do and not to do. In turn, my college success is up to me.

Managing nasogastric tube feeding and maintaining nutrition

Managing nasogastric tube feeding and maintaining nutrition Health is defined by WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION(WHO) as a state of complete physical, mental and social well being and not merely the absence of any disease or infirmity. Health is a positive quality which emphasizing physical, social, intellectual, emotional and spiritual well-being. Maslows hierarchy theory states that basic human needs are necessary for human survival and health. The most basic or first level include physiological needs such as air, water and food. According to Maslow, the extent to which basic needs are met is a major factor determining persons level of health. Food is anything that can be used by the body to sustain growth and bodily processes and provides energy. Each individual food has its own unique set of nutrients that meet the varying requirements of the human body. This is why it is so important to eat a wide variety of food to ensure that the body gets all the diverse and essential nutrients. Nutrients are the components of food that help to nourish the body. The basic classes of nutrients are carbohydrates, lipids(fat),protein, vitamins, minerals and water. All nutrients, both in kind and amount ,are the cornerstone of good health and provides the cutting edge for prevention of diseases. These nutrients are supplied to the body cells by gastro intestinal system. This is accomplished through the process of ingestion(taking food),digestion(breakdown of food),absorption(transfer of food product into circulation). Good nutritional status refers to the intake of a well balanced diet that supplies all the essential nutrients in right proportion to meet the requirements of the body. Such a person may be said to be receiving optimum nutrition. Optimum nutritional status can be affected by many factors such as inadequate intake of food or consuming food which contains less nutrients, food habits and economic insufficiencies etc. In sickness the ability to eat and drink adequately can get altered. The disease affecting central nervous system, gastrointestinal system and some surgical conditions can alter the patients ability to take the food through the mouth. In these conditions patients are at high risk of under nourishment. There are artificial feeding methods available to keep the risk patients free from under nutrition through enteral and parenteral feeding. When gastro intestinal tract cannot be used for the ingestion, digestion and absorption of nutrients parenteral nutrition may be substituted. Parenteral nutrition refers to the administration of nutrients by a route other than the GI tract(Blood stream). When the gastro intestinal tract is functional but patient cannot be provided with high calorie supplements orally, tube feeding can be provided with nasogastric tube, nasointestinal tube, gastrostomy and jejunostomy. A nasogastric tube is commonly used for short term feeding problems, usually ordered for a patient who has a functional GI tract but unable to take any or enough oral nourishment. Nasogastric tube feeding is a technique of giving food in patients, who are not able to swallow the food through mouth, with the help of a long soft plastic tube which is inserted through the nose via throat directly into the stomach. The history of enteral feeding goes back about 3500 years back to the ancient Greeks Egyptians, who infused nutrient requirement solutions into the rectum to treat various bowel disorders. The ancient Egyptians used reeds and animal bladders to supply patients with a mix of wine, chicken broth and raw eggs. In 1793, an early healer delivered jelly, eggs, milk, sugar and wine to a patient through a hollow whale bone covered with eel skin, which was pushed down the throat to the stomach. In 1800, Philip Phisik, a surgeon from Philadelphia, introduced the use of a stomach tube as a form of stomach pump (Paine, 1934). This was used for poisoned patients for the purpose of washing out their stomach. In the 1930s, nurses training in Australia and the United Kingdom utilized a text entitled Modern Professional Nursing (Scott, c1930). It included discussion of using a tube inserted via the nose into the stomach, apparently for the sole occasional purpose of administering bolus artificial feeding. In addition to nutrition delivery in the 1930s, nasogatric tubes also were used to relieve pressure in the stomach caused by gas and gastrointestinal secretions (decompression). Today nasogastric tube feeding is a very common procedure seen in the medical and surgical units of the hospitals. The tube is made of superior plastics like polyethylene, polyvinyl or polyurethane (Clevenger Rodriguez, 1995).This tube is inserted through the nose or mouth and placed directly into the stomach. The need of tube feeding includes delivery of nutrition, administration of medicines, gastric irrigation, and gastric decompression before and after surgery or intestinal obstruction . Patients with nasogastric tubes currently receive care in a wide variety of settings, such as intensive medical and surgical care units, emergency rooms, , general and specialized acute and chronic care areas, extended health care facilities, and home care settings(Susan C Dewit,2006). . The feed provided through the nasogastric tube should be in liquid or semi-liquid form and given in room or body temperature. Blenderized foods from a normal diet or commercial formulas are usually provided. Feedings are administered by gravity drip method or by feeding pump or by intermittent feeding. A maximum amount of 300-400 ml of feed can be provided at a time delivered at an interval of 2-3 hrs depending upon the patients tolerance and physicians advice..A variety of feeds should be provided though nasogastric tube in order to ensure the optimum nutritional status. Caring of the patients receiving nasogastric tube feeding is a major nursing responsibility that entails a number of interventions like delivering feeds, assessing correct placement of the tube, maintaining the tubes patency, ensuring adequate nutrition, securing the tube in place, and meeting patient comfort and other basic needs. The weight of the patient should be checked daily and maintain an accurate intake and output record. Blood glucose level also should monitored at definite intervals. When the patient is in a long term feeding maintaining the nutrition and general health is an important and nurses responsibility. In order to maintain the nutritional status the nurse should calculate patients requirements and select diet accordingly. Emma L(1983) points out enteral feeding is associated with greater risk of complications, around 11.7%.Her study reveals that tube-related complications are common in patients receiving long-term home enteral nutrition. Even though different feeding modalities are available, unfortunately no method of enteral feeding is risk free. aspiration pneumonia, high gastric residuals ,constipation ,diarrhea, abdominal distention, vomiting, regurgitation, erosion of esophageal, nasal and oropharyngeal mucosa and infection are the complications of tube feeding. Initially only nurses were carried out this procedure .However, over years caregivers of the patient are also involved in feeding the patient through the tube. Now the responsibility of feeding the patient through the tube is shared by the caregivers both in hospital and home settings. Since the family members are also involved in feeding patients they should be instructed about feeding, importance of nutritious diet, signs and symptoms and importance of reporting them to the doctor or nurse. Ellet.M L, A. States enteral feeding is desirable because it allows better use of nutrients, is safer, and more cost effective than parenteral nutrition. Tube feeding permits maintenance of tissue metabolism even though patient cannot ingest anything through mouth. The potential advantage of tube feeding includes providing nourishment to the patient prolonging life and enhancing comfort and quality of life(WONG 2002).Current scenario shows enteral tube feeding is a common medical procedure in many of the hospital, long term and home care setting. NEED OF THE STUDY . Managing nasogastric tube feeding and maintaining the nutrition are a nurses responsibility. Initially only nurses were carried out this procedure but over years caregivers of the patient also shared the responsibility of feeding the patient through the tube .Now Family members are participating in feeding the patient through N.G Tube both hospital and home settings. Caregivers involving in feeding is a good aspect of patient care but when they are involved they should be properly trained and educated. But in many settings the caregivers are feeding the patient without proper understanding about it. Researcher also observed the faulty feeding techniques of the caregivers while he was working in the medical and surgical departments. Even though no complications were reported so far, the patients are at high risk of getting complications. STATEMENT A STUDY TO ASSESS THE EFFECTIVENESS OF STRUCTURED TEACHING ON KNOWLEDGE AND TECHNIQUES OF NASOGASTRIC TUBE FEEDING BY THE CAREGIVERS OF PATIENTS RECEIVING TUBE FEEDING IN A SELECTED HOSPITAL AT ALAPPUZHA,KERALA SPECIFIC OBJECTIVE 1)To assess and compare the level of knowledge regarding nasogastric feeding, between control and experimental group before and after intervention. .2)Assess and compare the degree of technique of nasogastric tube feeding between control and experimental group before and after intervention. 3)To associate the selected demographic variables(age, education, occupation and source of instruction) with knowledge and techniques of feeding among experimental group. AIM OF THE STUDY The aim of the study is to evaluate whether structured teaching about NG tube feeding made any difference in the knowledge and techniques of caregivers in feeding patients through nasogastric tube compared to those who did not receive the structured teaching. HYPOTHESIS There will be a significant difference between experimental and control group of caregivers with regard to the knowledge and technique of nasogastric tube feeding. SUB HYPOTHESIS H1-There will be a significant difference in the mean knowledge score on tube feeding among caregivers of the experimental and control group after the intervention and no significant difference before intervention. H2- There will be a significant difference in the scores of techniques of feeding between the control and experimental group after intervention and no difference before intervention. OPERATIONAL DEFINITION EFFECTIVENESS : In this study effectiveness refers to the knowledge gained by the caregiver as a result of selected aspect of nasogastric tube feeding and the ability to carry out the tube feeding with correct technique. KNOWLEDGE : knowledge refers to ideas, information, factual knowledge held by a person from various sources. In this study knowledge refers to the factual information gained by the participants regarding naogastric tube feeding through the teaching learning experience which is assessed by using structured interview schedule. TECHNIQUE Technique is the way of carrying out an activity step by step and systematically .In this study technique refers to the correct method of carrying out N.G Tube feeding with the proper application of scientific principles of tube feeding STRUCTURED TEACHING Structured teaching refers to planned events, series of studies lectures with a view to improve knowledge. In this study it refers to a formal instruction which is preplanned with definite, objectives, contents, teaching, learning experience and AV aids to impart essential knowledge on tube feeding and how to give feeding safely to the patients. CAREGIVERS Caregivers are the relatives of the patients who stay with the patient most of the time and participates in patient care including feeding patients through nasal tube and assume responsibilities in the patient care activities NASOGASTRIC TUBE FEEDING Naogastric tube feeding is a method of giving nourishment to patients who were not able to swallow the food through mouth by the help of along soft plastic tube which is inserted through the nose via throat directly into the stomach ASSUMPTIONS N.G Tube feeding is a very prevalent and common procedure in both inpatient and home settings. Patients relatives are also participating in feeding the patient. The relatives are carrying out the procedure with or without adequate knowledge, training, and supervision regarding nasogastric tube feeding and hence this leads to a lot of negative effects on the relative-dependent patient. LIMITATION The study is conducted in only one hospital. So the result cannot be generalized. Because of the restrictions from the hospital and due to limitations owing to age parameters, the sample may not be a representative one. For an education programme to be effective, continuous follow-up is essential. But in this instance, due to limited time availability, it may not be possible. DELIMITTION The study is delimited to, Three observations. Only one hospital. An age group of 20-60yrs. SCOPE OF STUDY Through this study the researcher can determine the knowledge and techniques of the caregivers about nasogastric tube feeding by assessing the awareness of tube feeding in different aspects. Areas of less knowledge can be focused. The understanding about the proper knowledge and technique of tube feeding will help them to provide feeding by using correct techniques , avoid potential complications and promote patients safety. These findings will help the health care providers to give necessary attention to provide adequate training to the relatives of the patients who need to feed through nasogastric tube both in home and hospital settings. RESEARCH FRAMEWORK A frame work is the building block of a theory, describing mental image of a phenomena which can be abstract or concrete. A theory is a set of interrelated concepts, adapted for a scientific purpose, definitions and propositions, that present a systematic view of phenomena by specifying relations among variables with the purpose of explaining predicting the phenomena (Kerlinger 1986). A conceptual framework provides structural foundation to the research study which provides rationale for predictions about relationship among the variables in the study. Conceptual framework forms the base for observations, definitions of concepts, research design, interpretation etc. Conceptual framework gives meaning to the problem and study findings by summarizing existing knowledge in field of inquiry and identifying linkage between concepts. For this study the Conceptual framework followed is nursing process model based on Dorothy.E.jhonsons behavioural system theory(1980).The study focus on assessing the effectiveness of providing structured teaching programme on the knowledge and techniques of nasogastric tube feeding among the caregivers of the patient. According to Jhonson, nursing views the individual as a set of interconnected or independent parts functioning as an integrated whole. Humans seek experiences that may disturb balance and require behavior modifications to re-establish balance. The behavioral system are essential and reflect adaptations that are successful. Jhonson identified seven sub systems. The sub systems are affiliative,aggressive,dependency,eliminative,ingestive,restorative and sexual. These sub systems carryout special function for the system as a whole. Disturbances in any subsystem usually affects the other. The steps of the nursing process is incorporated with Dorothy Jhonsons behavioural system model. Nursing process is a deliberate activity where the practice of nursing is performed in a systematic order. Dorothy Jhonson presents a three step nursing process. The steps are entitled nursing diagnosis which is parallel to the assessment and diagnostic phase ,the second step nursing goal equals the implement ation and third step is evaluation. This study focuses on the caregivers of the patient and the dependency subsystems. Assessment Assessment is the process of collecting data regarding each sub-system. In this study assessment was done in the dependency subsystem. Data on the demographic characteristics of the caregivers(age, sex, education, occupation, experience in feeding, instructions and source of instructions received on tube feeding) were collected. The knowledge of caregivers regarding various aspect of nasogastric tube feeding were assessed by an interview schedule and an observational Check list was used to assess the technique of feeding. Diagnosis Through assessment of the subsystem problems are identified and diagnosed which provide the basis for intervention. In this study the datas were collected through observational Check list and interview schedule was analyzed and the diagnosis was made on knowledge and technique of caregivers and categorized into excellent, good, average and poor. Nursing goals(planning) After diagnosis is made the goal is to maintain or restore the dependency subsystem balance and stability through planning interventions. In this study the goal was to improve the caregivers level of knowledge and technique of tube feeding. Intervention Nursing activity as an external regulatory force assists the person to regain equilibrium. Based on diagnosis, nursing actions can be planned in terms of teaching or providing resources needed. In this study the nursing activity was a structured teaching including demonstration on different aspects of tube feeding. Evaluation Evaluation refers to reassessment the subsystem which is identified as problematic for balance previously. In this study the investigator compared knowledge and technique of experimental group with control group by using criteria and evaluated the effectiveness of the intervention. Figure-1 High lights the conceptual framework on modified nursing process based on Dorothy.E.Jhonsons behavioural system model Implementation Evaluation No changes seen in the level of knowledge and technique. Patients at high risk of getting complications -Caregivers demonstrate improved levels of knowledge and techniques of feeding. -patient less risk of getting complications Control group -No teaching programmes. experimental group -A Structured teaching regarding ding different aspects of tube feeding and demonstration of the technique of tube feeding Assessment Diagnosis goal FIGURE 1. MODIFIED NURSING PROCESS BASED ON DOROTHY JHONSONS BEHAVIOURAL SYSTEM MODEL(1980) Improve the caregivers level of knowledge and technique of tube feeding Level of knowledge and techniques of tube feeding -excellent -good -average -poor Caregivers demographic variables -Age -Sex -Education -Occupation -Experience in feeding -instruction and supervision received -source of instruction -attitude -Lack of seriousness -Fear and anxiety

Comparing Carbohydrate Requirements for the Atkins Diet and the Food Py

Comparing Carbohydrate Requirements for the Atkins Diet and the Food Pyramid Guide â€Å"Carbohydrates are an organic compound that serves as a major energy source for the body† (Dictionary.com). These carbohydrates convert to sugars that trigger insulin production, which our body needs for certain processes, and triggers fat storage (Health-Doc.com). According to the Institute of Medicine, adults should get 45 to 65 percent of their calories from carbohydrates. That is roughly seven servings based on a 2000 calorie diet. At least one of the two carbohydrate diet plans states something different. The Atkins diet requires a limited amount of carbohydrates for consumption while the Food Pyramid Guide developed by USDA and supported by the Department of Health and Human Services allows for many more servings. The Atkins diet requires that in the first two weeks of the diet you eat no more than twenty grams of carbohydrates a day. Twenty grams of carbohydrates a day is the equivalent of one slice of bread or one serving of carbohydrates a day. Afte...

The Trial in To Kill A Mockingbird by Harper Lee :: Kill Mockingbird essays

The Trial in To Kill a Mockingbird The trial of Tom takes up a great deal of space in the novel because it gives Harper Lee a chance to do an in-depth exploration of characters and situations. The people involved in the case are Bob and Mayella Ewell, Tom Robinson and Atticus Finch. The alleged rape of Mayella by Tom allows Harper Lee to look in detail at issues of racial and social prejudice in Maycomb. Bob Ewell is the villain of the novel and, as a result of the trial, he tries to get revenge on Atticus and his family. In the trial itself he is revealed as a very unpleasant character. We learn that he drinks and sometimes leaves his family for days, he is violent and he may even be committing incest with Mayella. Atticus establishes that he is left-handed and that Mayella was probably beaten up by a left-handed man - it seems that he, and not Tom Robinson, beat up Mayella after he saw Mayella trying to kiss Tom. Bob therefore lies during the trial and is prepared to sacrifice the life of an innocent man for the sake of his daughter's reputation. His unpleasant behaviour during the trial and his assumption that everybody will be on his side against a black man convince the reader that he is a thoroughly unpleasant character. Mayella Ewing also lies in court but for different reasons to her father. She is the only responsible member of one of the poorest families in Maycomb. She looks after herself and her brothers and sisters and even tries to bring some beauty into their lives by growing geraniums. Her family is so poor that white people will have nothing to do with her and, at that time, it was not possible for her to be friendly with black people. Scout calls her "the loneliest person in the world". Tom Robinson passed her house every day on his way to work and, according to Scout, he was probably the only person who was ever nice to her. Tom's evidence at the trial shows that she had planned to make a pass at him for a long time. It took her nearly a year to save enough money to send all her brothers and sisters into town to get ice creams.

Essay --

Ben Franklin himself said, "They that can give up essential liberty to obtain a little temporary safety deserve neither liberty nor safety." There are two subjects essential to this warning, the oppressive overbearing authority and the people who are willing to sacrifice their liberty for security. There are for possible outcomes with these two subjects: 1. The people of the nation have an attitude that does not allow a domineering government, thus out of fear no domineering government arises. 2. The people of the nation have an attitude that does not allow a domineering government, nevertheless a domineering government arises under radar. 3. The people of the nation have an attitude that allows themselves to be dominated, thus a domineering government arises. 4. The people of the nation have an attitude that allows themselves to be dominated, a domineering government however does not arise. Opportunity is a time or set of circumstances that allows for a possible action to occur. Given the opportunity, a domineering government will arise History will repeat itself, it has time and time again. Utopia is virtually impossible by its very definition as applied to the philosophy of today. The inevitable outcome of all organized systems is thus the enslavement of the human majority and the eventual revolution of a new system. Thus outcomes number two and three are most likely to happen eventually. The question remaining is thus, how can a nation prevent a domineering government for the longest time? This is outcome number one comes into play; a democratic system is by its very design meant to prevent a domineering government from arising. Outcome number four is the most unlikely to happen becau... ...ew act and lead it down a path it was never meant to go. The people of the United States are now more than ever willing to sacrifice their liberty for security. Dependency on government leads to a loss of personal liberty. The government should seek to make the people more independent and less reliant on social welfare programs. The fact that we see more dependent people now than ever before is a sure sign that U.S. citizens are sacrificing their liberties for security and comfort. We are not necessarily meant to live a comfortable lifestyle. Such a life would chock the freedom's that make hero's out of men. We need to separate the definition of peace and the definition of comfort as it applies to a people's own independence. The attitudes of the people who will allow themselves to be dominated is by far worse than a domineering government. Essay -- Ben Franklin himself said, "They that can give up essential liberty to obtain a little temporary safety deserve neither liberty nor safety." There are two subjects essential to this warning, the oppressive overbearing authority and the people who are willing to sacrifice their liberty for security. There are for possible outcomes with these two subjects: 1. The people of the nation have an attitude that does not allow a domineering government, thus out of fear no domineering government arises. 2. The people of the nation have an attitude that does not allow a domineering government, nevertheless a domineering government arises under radar. 3. The people of the nation have an attitude that allows themselves to be dominated, thus a domineering government arises. 4. The people of the nation have an attitude that allows themselves to be dominated, a domineering government however does not arise. Opportunity is a time or set of circumstances that allows for a possible action to occur. Given the opportunity, a domineering government will arise History will repeat itself, it has time and time again. Utopia is virtually impossible by its very definition as applied to the philosophy of today. The inevitable outcome of all organized systems is thus the enslavement of the human majority and the eventual revolution of a new system. Thus outcomes number two and three are most likely to happen eventually. The question remaining is thus, how can a nation prevent a domineering government for the longest time? This is outcome number one comes into play; a democratic system is by its very design meant to prevent a domineering government from arising. Outcome number four is the most unlikely to happen becau... ...ew act and lead it down a path it was never meant to go. The people of the United States are now more than ever willing to sacrifice their liberty for security. Dependency on government leads to a loss of personal liberty. The government should seek to make the people more independent and less reliant on social welfare programs. The fact that we see more dependent people now than ever before is a sure sign that U.S. citizens are sacrificing their liberties for security and comfort. We are not necessarily meant to live a comfortable lifestyle. Such a life would chock the freedom's that make hero's out of men. We need to separate the definition of peace and the definition of comfort as it applies to a people's own independence. The attitudes of the people who will allow themselves to be dominated is by far worse than a domineering government.

Michael Jackson The King Of Pop

In the 80's he was a legend, I suppose he still is as his music is still very popular. But when your own son is hanging outside a balcony looking straight down on a 30-foot drop. You have to ask yourself. â€Å"What was he thinking?† Before you ask your self such a bizarre question we must remember what Michael is really renowned for: His mind-blowing music, his talent to write and produce his own music and his ability to indulge any women's heart with his magical lyrics. Here's a bit on how he was to be known as a musical legend. By 1982, Michael Jackson was riding high, having enjoyed a solo smash, and continuing to record and tour with The Jackson's. That was all to change when Michael and Quincy Jones returned to the studio to record what would become the biggest-selling album of all time: Thriller. Crafting a perfect mixture of pop and R&B. Michael and Quincy set out to make a record containing nothing but hit singles. With over-the-top videos for â€Å"Billie Jean,† â€Å"Beat It† and the masterpiece short film â€Å"Thriller,† Michael became the first black artist to have a video played on TV. Eventually selling over 26 million copies in the US and winning 8 Grammies, Thriller became the international phenomenon of the '80's. When I first heard a few of his songs from his album â€Å"thriller†, I thought, â€Å"What's all the fuss about?† he was just a normal guy promoting a new album. After hearing his songs over and over I was finally captivated by his unique melodies and the realism of his lyrics. My opinion on Michael was about to change. Who knew he'd get addicted to plastic surgery, face accusations of paedophilia, and end up Americas most famous sideshow. It wasn't until 1993 that he suffered serious damage to his image. Jackson was accused of child abuse by a teenage friend, sparking major media frenzy. Through it all, Michael denied the accusations. You just knew the media had to destroy him before he could get better at what he did. I couldn't believe such a talent; such a fascination in modern day would be interrupted by such peculiar accusations. To everyone, he became famous for changing his face every time you'd see him on TV or in the newspaper. I was crushed; his music was so inspiring and joyful, now his music was a disgrace, he'd set a poor example after such a success in his music and lifestyle. I think his real appraisal would be that despite all his problems he was still able to provide his fans with more hit singles and more best selling albums. This is why he was to be known as a legend. He wasn't always best at interviews but his reputation did the talking. He didn't forget his lost fan as one of the singles on his new album (The lost children) reflects his feeling on how important it is to gain trust from his fans. One day I came down the stairs and noticed Michaels new album â€Å"invincible† was laying there on the table. I listened to his music and realised that he had lost his talent. The inspiring lyrics were gone, the catchy tunes were gone and his fame for writing great music had broken down. Michael was a changed man and so were his fans, the only music Michael would be renowned for was his album â€Å"thriller† and all his number one hits in the 80's and 90's. Intelligently Michael realised this himself and released the album with all his best songs and number one hits. He named it â€Å"The best of Michael Jackson†. Not having this album was a sin; his best music written was compiled in this one album. The album was a dream to most of his fans. Michael stayed low for a while; most of his time was spent in court. First signs that Michael had turned insane were when he didn't arrive at one of his court cases. His excuse was that a spider bit him. â€Å"It is a spider bite,† Jackson told reporters. â€Å"It is real bad. If I showed it to you, you'd be shocked. It hurts very much right now as I speak.† Apart from the spider bite Michael again was in the spotlight for an outrageous attempt to dangle his baby from a balcony. â€Å"It is a clear-cut case of child endangerment,† reporters wrote of the baby-dangling incident. â€Å"In addition to the obvious physical danger the child was in, he is also living in psychological danger with Michael as his single parent.† All was going very bad for Michael. Being a fan of Michael Jackson was now a disgrace. He started his career as a superstar famous for his talented work in the studio. It ended on allegations that he is a bad single parent and his own baby should be taken from him. Things cannot get any worse for Michael; his reputation had taken a major blow. Despite everything that happened to Michael, his music and albums would be locked away safely and described as probably the best and most talented music ever heard. A few days later Michael was asked in court. â€Å"What were you thinking when your own son is hanging out a balcony being held in one hand?† Michael replied â€Å"Umm†¦. He's my son† the audience couldn't stop laughing.

Differences and similarity of living at home and living away from home Essay

In western world, people tend to move out from their domicile home from the age 18 because it is part of their culture which they must learn to live by themselves. For eastern world, some people slightly change their way of culture to the western culture whereas the other people still follow their traditional path; to live with family. Home is a place of domicile where people live together in a group of family. At some moment in life, for any reasons, living away from home is inevitable situation. For example, some students who live away from home by living in dormitory or rent house because they have to study beyond their homeland or they want to live near their college for conveniences. For workers, in order to save time of transportation, they choose to live near their workplace. For some people, they just want to live away from home because they want to live independently from family. As you can see, there are many reasons to live away from home. Living beyond home can be both co nvenience and inconvenience. One way to decide between both living styles is to compare them on your differences and similarity point of views. The first difference you can notice is living condition. Most of your own home is the most comfortable place to live mentally and physically. Living at home creates a feeling of security, relief and family. For example, if you cannot deal with any problem, you can share with your family and they might suggest a quick solution to you which help you feel less stress. If you have siblings, you can have activities with them such as, playing games, cooking or sharing life experiences. Sitting on a Sunday morning watching TV with family , helping your dad organizes his things or having a nice chat with your mom makes you realize how valuable your family really is because these activities can provide you to feel lively without lonely. In contrast, if you live alone beyond your home, you might need some good suggestion from them to help you feel more secure. Otherwise, you might encounter some difficult situation or loneliness. Of course, living at home is not only for a pleasure of feeling but also make you feel physically more convenience. At home you have plenty of home facilities and foods. You never worry about the washing day for your clothes because you might have someone else to do that or you just throw it in your washing machine. You will have a comfortable bed at your own home for relaxing in some exhausted day. For foods, you can  eat your favourite foods as much as you want because your parents will take a responsibility to provide foods for you. On the contrary, living away from home is a little bit inconvenience. For example, if you feel hungry you have to go out to the supermarket to get some food. Moreover, in order to balance your time for daily routine, you have to plan for your foods shopping day and estimate your own consumption. As a consequence, living at home can be different in living condition compared with living away from home. By the way, living away from home does not mean yo u will feel less convenience and less lively. At your own life, you can have your necessary facilities or you will have friends, colleagues, boyfriend or girlfriend to share your emotion. You might never feel lonely from being alone; instead, you might feel more enjoyable with friends. The second difference is independence. It is precisely clear that living away from home is living by your own destiny, you have to steer your own life; that is, you have a freedom. For some family, freedom is limited by parent’s rules; as a result, you have to obey all their rules because it is part of life lessons that they want to provide you. For example, you have to come back home or sleep on time when you live with family. Other rules are such as, table manners, using mobile phone at home and house manners. On the other hand, living on your own far away from family gives you a lot of experiences toward organizing your life. If you live by yourself, you can come back home whenever you want without telling or asking permission from your parents. You can go out for a whole night party and have some drink or enjoy eating fast food as much as you want because of living without parents. It is predictable that you must have a good and strong meaning of responsibility to live by yourself. Otherwise, if you indulge yourself too much, your life can be difficult from being disorganized. The third difference is environment. This factor can be varying which depends on the place you move to, so you might experience the new place where culture and weather are difference from your homeland. This factor can be easily noticed among both foreign students and workers. Some people who live away from home; they don’t culturally familiar with people, fashion and foods; as a consequence, they might encounter some cultural shock, embarrassed outfit or lose weight due to strange foods. Weather is another factor for environmental difference. Living away from home can be different and sometimes uncomfortable for some people who immediately move their residence in the different biome. Some people might consider as an excitement moment, whereas another people can be suffered from unfamiliar climate. Therefore, culture and weather differences are environmental factor which you do not forget to consider before moving. In my opinion, adaptation is the key; that is, to stick to your most important values that according to things or situations and changes those things that you believe they can be improved yourself. The last difference is finance. People who live away from home have difference in financial status from people who live at home; thus, people who live at home might be better in financial situation from people who live away from home. For example, if you are a student who lives at home, you never worry about paying bill for public utilities, renting, mortgages or foods; therefore, you can save money and have a good finance; thus, you can indulge yourself by shopping luxury goods or going out for a foreign trip. On the contrary, people who live away from home have to balance their finance in order to live until the next payment comes out. However, for students, living alone does not mean it difficult to live. There are many organizations which provide you a good financial recommendation; alternatively, you can do a part-time job to earn more money for your living cost. As mentioned earlier, in spite of these differences, there is similarity among living at home and living away from ho me. One similarity is responsibility. If you live at home, you also have responsibility to fulfill, just as people who live away from home; that is, housework. At least, you have to tidy up your bedroom, cleaning up your family’s room if they ask for help unless you have a housewife. Similarly, if you live away from home you will have the same duty as you are at home. Moreover, you have to plan and organize your cleaning day for balancing your schedule. Therefore, two styles of living are similar in responsibility; however, living away from home seems to need more organization for your routine. In conclusion, if you think to move out, you should consider the difference of living condition, independence, environment and finance from your domicile  residence. Moreover, adaptation is the key for success for living by your own. However, responsibility is the one similarity in both styles of living which you should maintain the habit. Otherwise, your life can be out of track.

“Marginalization” by Chandrakant Mallya

In a scale, both arms are equally important. If one of them tilts, the result is imbalance. Compare the scale to the society. A perfect society viewed from any angle, is impossibility. Turn the pages of human history—perfection was never there. It is reasonable to assume that it will never be there!   It can not be completely avoided either. Society at any given time has not existed and functioned without marginalization! Some of the definitions of marginalization are: â€Å"To relegate or confine to a lower or outer limit or edge, as of social standing.† â€Å"Marginalization (USA) refers to the overt or covert trends within societies whereby those perceived as lacking desirable traits or deviating from the group norms tend to be excluded by wider society and ostracized as undesirables.† Wing Leung describes A marginal person as â€Å"†¦one who does not belong†¦the marginal man†¦ [dwells] at the margin of two cultures and two societies†¦ [and possesses] a marginal mentality†¦ [with its] unresolved identity crises.† Louis Wirth speaking of minority groups thus: â€Å"A group of people who, because of their physical or cultural characteristics, are singled out from the others in the society in which they live for differential and unequal treatment and who therefore regard themselves as objects of collective discrimination.† This means, the more numerically dominant members, or the more prosperous section of the society gives unequal treatment leading to acts of social ostracism, acts of discrimination, leading to marginalization. In â€Å"Sula† Tony Morrison traces the lives of two black heroines. They grow together in a small Ohio town—well, that’s the only common point about them. Otherwise, they are poles apart. Their paths are totally divergent, obviously their thinking as well! Nel Wright chooses the normal life of a black woman marries and settles in the place of her birth. She is part of the tightly-knit black community. Sula Peace rejects this option outright. She escapes to a city, joins a college, and when she returns to her roots, she is a rebel. She decides to teach a lesson to the society that humiliated her in childhood. She mocks at the social norms, and she is a wanton sexual seductress. Her vicarious pleasure is depicted in her triumphant return to her village and she is extremely happy about the victory she scored by crossing the hurdles that she faced in her life due to the color of her skin. These two characters ably depict, with utmost sincerity to their own emotions, their suffering and enjoyment   in the light of various trials and tribulations that was part of their life and living. The Civil War in USA led to the physical liberation. The War for economic liberation began thereafter. In Sula Toni Morrison provides us with the real history lesson with the depiction of the black way of life, a society which still continues to be marginalized both from social and economic standpoints. â€Å"Through their girlhood years they share everything — perceptions, judgments, yearnings, secrets, even crime — until Sula gets out, out of the Bottom, the hilltop neighborhood where beneath the sporting life of the men hanging around the place in head rags and soft felt hares there hides a fierce resentment at failed crops, lost jobs, thieving insurance men, bug-ridden flour . . . at the invisible line that cannot be overstepped.†Ã‚   (Morison, 1973) Fences is the story of four generations of black Americans.   The torch of legacy of morals, attitudes, mores and patterns passes through stories. Troy Maxon is the principle character of the play. Being a black, the part of the marginalized society of America, how and why he had to scale down his dreams to adjust inside his run-down yard. The opening scene   Ã‚  begins with Troy Maxon and his trusted friend Jim Bono engaged in drinking and talking. The anguish of marginalization related victimization is evident, when he makes a formal compliant to his bosses, why only white men are permitted to drive garbage trucks for the waste disposal company. The deep impact of marginalization in Troy Maxon’s psyche is shown as he counsels his teenage son Cory Maxon when he is being actively recruited for a college football scholarship. His father discourages him, and tells him not to ignore other important responsibilities. Troy wants that his son should never haul garbage like him. Cory represents all the possibilities his father never had and the unmet dreams. Yet the father is unwilling to let the son go on the path chosen by him to improve his lot in life.   His apprehension is that the white-dominated sports will not let Cory progress, and break his heart. Troy had spent fifteen years in jail for robbery and murder, but he became an accomplished baseball player in the jail. After the release, when he could not get proper opportunities to display his skill, he is bitter and resentful at the chances lost because of the color of his skin. He wants to protect his son from facing such disappointments and turn cynical. It was due to marginalization that Troy’s life was full of difficulties, oppression coupled with bad luck. As a boy, due the abject poverty, he was denied education, he cannot even read. Marginalization is practiced all over the world, and it embraces humanity. In the Developed World, racial and ethnic minority groups stand out as the most marginalized. Then there are other classes like, the poor, the sick, the disabled, the obese, teenage unwed mothers, the elderly, the homosexuals and lesbians. These groups suffer from one form of marginalization or the other-unemployment, poverty, poor health facilities and lack of education and the like. How can we strive to end it? The question should be rather how we can mend it? The ending to marginalization can only be through mending the ways of the society. First of all, the affluent and the socially well placed members of the majority community should realize the grave injustice rendered to the affected society for centuries. Genuine repentance and willing acceptance to reform can only change the social structure. The change with-out can be achieved only through the change with-in. Society must have a will to change, and that is possible by the combined efforts of the government, social and spiritual organizations. It is high time that marginalization is given a ‘decent’ burial. References: Morrison, Toni, Sula: Excerpted from the book jacket: †¦ â€Å"In clear, dark, resonant language   †¦ .members.tripod.com/~bibliomania/archive3/morrison5.html – 9k –Retrieved on May 21, 2007.                                                                                                

King’s attitude towards slavery Essay

Reconciliation struck King as divinely just, and he recommended the same practice for the United States. He suggested that this was the only moral and practical way to bring the Negro’s stand-ups to a realistic level. Reconciliation in the form of compensation was such a good idea in King’s mind because the practice would support the freedom of the human personality and lead to a just society. He also believed that it would make freedom real and substantial for the black people. He never believed that the mere absence of desegregated public accommodations would fully free the human personality and establish a just society. Although many whites were against him, he began to emphasize his belief that real and substantial freedom as well as the mandates of the just society, require not desegregated public facilities but also the economic goods that would allow blacks to use such facilities. King equated freeing the blacks and leaving them just like that to giving a pair of shoes to a man who has not learned to walk. His point was that freedom from desegregation requires the material goods to enjoy freedom from integration. King’s own response to the Johnson administration was to post for state atonement for the Disadvantaged. In King’s view, just as the state properly compensated World War II veterans for the time they spent away from their home, jobs, so too should it compensate blacks for their years of enslavement. He argued that only a few people considered the fact that in addition to being enslaved for two centuries, the Negro was during all those years, robbed of wages of his toil. He believed that no amount of gold could provide adequate compensation for the psychological turmoil caused by slavery, but that a price could be placed upon unpaid wages. King’s extra marital affairs It is clear that King did a lot of good deeds, most of which were based on pure ethical standards. However, there are some ethical challenges that were hard for him, and the most common is the sexual relationships with many women. Two years after King married his wife Coretta, he began his work in the civil rights movement. He left his young wife and baby to pursue endeavors that would take him far from home, putting aside his wife, and while he was home, he spent a lot of time on the phone. His friends who were worried of what these extramarital affairs would do to his reputation cautioned him about the importance of avoiding the appearance of wrongdoing. They also cautioned him that due to his prominence, he would become the target of those seeking to discredit him. He was also warmed that women could become his downfall if he failed to resist this temptation. King failed to take these warnings. By the time he won the Nobel Peace Price of 1964, his relations with women outside his marriage were far from secret. Wiley Branton, a close associate of King approached him about the subject when he was unable to ignore the rumors. He told king that colleagues had expressed concern over his behavior and were worried that he was going to get hurt, but King was unresponsive. The topic again came up with another friend, and this time King responded that because he was away from home the majority of each month, sex served as a way to reduce his anxiety. King’s attitude towards money While king had a hard time resisting sexual temptation, the temptation to profit from his fame was by no means a temptation for him. He had never bee influenced by the prospect of making money. In fact, while in college he had developed an opposition to his father’s concern with money. His lack of desire for material possessions increased after he visited India. Even his wife sensed a change in him. She said that this growing selflessness had led to his increasingly dismissive attitude toward his clothing and appearance, which up until then he had taken pride in. Since his college years at the Morehouse, King had enjoyed nice clothing. His selflessness also affected the financial status of SCLC. When he won the Nobel Peace Prize, he donated the price money to the group, despite the objection of his wife. She wanted to put some of the money aside for college for their children, but King insisted that the money go in full to the SCLC. Later, when two board members suggested that he accept a salary from the organization, King declined the offer. He explained that his income from Ebenezer Baptist church and the sum that he kept from speaking and writing was enough to support his family. Conclusion Due to King’s legacy as a man of good man, his shadow persisted even after his assassination. The poor people’s campaign initially was identified with the martyred prophet, not with his successor. The goals King established, especially for the campaign of equality among the whites and the blacks were probably unreachable, but King-the-symbol remained untarnished by failure. In addition to the charisma of his leadership, King had clear strategies for achieving goals. He believed that besides the use of legal tactics, the federal government was a necessary ally. King believed that because of man’s sinfulness, a restraining force was needed. According to him, it was the government that could counteract collective evil. His ultimate goal in many of his campaigns was to force the federal government to act. Time after time, his strategy worked. From the term paper, it is clear that his leadership was two fold. He was able to mobilize blacks, while at the same time appealing to the consciousness of the whites. King’s influence was as a result of several factors. To African Americans, his background was rooted in the black community, he was a Baptist preacher, and his academic training combined with religious faith provided the leadership skills he needed. To white Americans, he was an African American with the extraordinary ability to convince them of the evil of segregation. His words carried a powerful punch that, while what he was saying about segregation was not new, he stirred a moral awakening. Cementing his position was his leadership through nonviolent resistance, which appealed to decency and the commonality of humanity that, until then, had been ignored. Reference 1) Long M. G. (2002). Against us, but for us: Martin Luther King, Jr. and the state. California; Mercer University Press

The Watergate Scandal Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

The Watergate Scandal - Essay Example Taken one at a time, each crime may not have been that egregious. However, the gravity of the scandal comes from the sheer number of crimes, the number of people involved, their sweeping impact, and the unbridled willingness to cover-up the crimes at any cost. . While the term Watergate referred specifically to the break-in at the Watergate Hotel, the scandal would ultimately involve a complex tapestry of political corruption, obstruction of justice, illegal domestic spying, abusing public agencies for political purposes, tax fraud, and corruption. The word has worked its way into the popular culture as a descriptive term for anything associated with political corruption such as Iran-gate, Whitewater-gate, and Paula Jones-gate. The case would drag on through numerous investigations, eventually resulting in the jailing or resignation of more than 40 public officials, many of them for the actions taken during the infamous cover-up. The Watergate scandal that broke into the public realm with the news that five men had been arrested while breaking into the Democratic National Headquarters on June 17, 1972 had actually begun much earlier. In September 1971, G.Gordon Liddy and E. Howard Hunt had burglarized the office of a psychiatrist in an effort to obtain the medical files on Daniel Ellsberg, a defense analyst who had released documents to The New York Times that would prove embarrassing to the administration's war effort.1 An additional break-in in May of 1972 had placed an illegal listening device in the headquarters of the Democratic National Party. These operations had been financed by the operation of a secret slush fund consisting of tens of thousands of dollars in illegal campaign contributions. In addition, the administration had used the CIA and FBI to spy on Nixon's political opponents, which illegally used public agencies for political purposes. By the time of the Watergate break-in in June 1972, the Nixon administration had already established a pattern of illegal activity. The report of the break-in at the Watergate Hotel initially dew very little public attention, but within a year would mushroom into a major political scandal. According to the Washington Star News, within two weeks of the 1972 burglary the Philippines sugar industry had funneled $30,000 into the Nixon campaign to help pay for the Watergate cover-up.2 The cover-up would eventually involve scores of White House insiders. Later investigations would reveal the existence of a cash fund kept in a White House vault to be used for hush money and to finance other illegal operations. During the trial of the burglars, Judge John Sirica learned that the men and the money connected to the crime were a part of the Committee to Re-elect the President (CREEP), headed by John Mitchell.3 The defendants in the trial refused to cooperate, but subsequent hearings in the Senate would lead to the highest levels of the government. White House Counsel John Dean would be the lone White House official that wou ld come forward and cooperate with the government's investigations. Dean claimed that Nixon was aware of a secret $300,000 campaign donation by the dairy industry designed to influence the government,

Should DDT Be Used to Control Malaria Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Should DDT Be Used to Control Malaria - Essay Example falciparum), Plasmodium malariae (P. malariae), Plasmodium ovale (P. ovale) and Plasmodium vivax (P. vivax). due to P. falciparum which is the only species associated with severe morbidity and mortality (Guidelines, South Africa). The other three species cause milder illness. Infections with P. ovale and P. vivax have a tendency to relapse if timely appropriate treatment is not provided (CDC, U.S). The life cycle of the malaria parasite involves two hosts- the mosquito and the human. When a female anopheles infected mosquito bites a human for blood meal, it inoculates sporozoites into the human host. These sporozoites infect liver cells1, multiply and mature into schizonts, which rupture and release a number of merozoites into the blood stream where they infect red cells and cause symptoms of the disease like fever, chills, tiredness and muscular pain. In P. vivax and P. ovale malaria infections, a dormant stage can persist in the liver of the human in the form of hypnozoites. These can later invade blood stream, weeks, or even years later, and cause relapse. In the red cells2, the parasites undergo asexual multiplication. Initially, the merozoites turn in to ring stage trophozoites which mature into schizonts. These rupture to release merozoites. Some parasites differentiate into gametocytes (sexual erythrocytic stages) which in turn produce the male (microgametocytes) and fe male (macrogametocytes) gametocytes. These are ingested by a female anopheles mosquito during a blood meal and they multiply in the mosquito releasing sporozoites which settle in the salivary glands and enter the human host during biting. The multiplication in the mosquito is known as the sporogonic cycle. Thus the mosquito carries the disease from one human to another, acting as a "vector" (Guidelines, South Africa). Of the 430 known species of anopheles mosquito, only 30 to

Attitude a Behavior Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Attitude a Behavior - Research Paper Example The concept is that attitude is a learned behavior. The hypothesis is to show how they relate and influence each other. Social Psychology Social psychology is concerned with social influences upon the individual. Because it emphasizes the individual, it qualifies as psychology, yet because of its focus on the social situation it has much in common with sociology. Thus the general area where sociology and psychology overlap is called social psychology, although the topic involves far more than simply trying to find common ground between the two disciplines. Myers (1987) has identified three areas of consideration in social psychology: the way people think about one another, how they influence one another, and how they relate to one other. Attitudes Social psychologists are concerned not only with the formation of attitudes but also with how attitudes can be influenced and changed. An attitude is made up of thought, feeling, and a predisposition to act upon that thought and feeling. Sh eer thought is the basis of an opinion. While thought and feeling may technically make up an attitude a third factor, behavior is likely to result. The credibility of the person attempting to change attitudes is an important factor in determining success. The perceived intentions of the communicator are especially important. If intentions are seen as positive, influence will tend to be greater. Some have debated whether one or two-sided presentation is the most effective. Is it better to just present one side of an issue or to give both sides? Research to date indicates that the one-sided approach is more effective if the audience is unintelligent, authoritarian or already in agreement with the stated position. Generally, however, the two-sided approach works better because the presenter sounds more objective (Jones and Brehm, 1970). Cognitive Dissonance Cognitive dissonance is an inner tension resulting from the attempt to hold two contrasting thoughts at the same time (Festinger 1 957). One of those thoughts may result from behavior therefore, if an attitude contradicts action, dissonance results. When dissonance occurs, the individual tries to relieve that tension by changing opinions, changing actions, or adding new ideas to thinking. Any of these will tend to nullify the cognitive dissonance and reduce tension over the issue. Case study Experiment Festinger demonstrated this concept by having people perform an extremely boring task (turning knobs a quarter –turn on a board). He asked each participant to convince another person, supposedly waiting to take part in the experiment, that it was an interesting task. At this point he offered either one or twenty dollars to the participant for convincing the other person the task would be interesting. Afterward he evaluated those who were paid to see whether they had enjoyed the knob-turning task. While behavioral psychology might suggest that the bigger reward would produce the greatest change, just the op posite occurred; those who received one dollar for lying the most positive about the boring task while those who received twenty dollars changed the least in their attitudes.

Stanley Cavell Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Stanley Cavell - Essay Example One of the most significant elements of Cavell's analysis is his effort to question the nature of knowledge in the light of how knowledge could provide a rational basis for morality. In part III, chapter IX, Cavell declares: Dialectically, this problem [the problem of morality] is reflected in a fact about "moral arguments" -- the "methods" (to use Sidgwick's term) by which we undertake to arrive at a knowledge, or "rational conviction", as to what ought to be done -- which has insistently and constantly occupied the attention of moral philosophers, viz., that such arguments are always, and dishearteningly, liable to break down, or end in stalemate, and the question which prompted the argument either left without answer or with incompatible answers which any further argument would seem helpless to resolve (247). This seems to suggest that Cavell views the acquisition of knowledge and the debate about moral reasoning to exclusively belong to the concerns of philosophers. Cavell thus, in a Wittgensteinian fashion, seems to be despairing of the hopes for settling moral arguments. But, upon closer examination, Cavell is offering quite an insightful method for resolving moral disputes. Herein, Cavell’s resolution rests on seeing that some moral disputes will never arrive at a point of mutual agreement, and so individuals would have to â€Å"agree to disagree† amicably. Also, he stresses the importance of a resolution wherein both individuals come to understand the other individual’s point of view, despite their unending moral disagreements. It is in this regard that Cavell advocates the idea of moral perfectionism, and the idea of democracy from within. For, self-knowledge is, for Cavell, fundamental for moral discourse. It is important to note that Cavell, quite consciously, echoes Greek dramatists and culture in his ethical analysis. It seems, then, that Cavell, in referring to both knowledge and morality, is referring to three main figures in ancient philosophy: Socrates himself, Plato and Aristotle. These ethical schools of thought viewed knowledge and morality as intimately connected. Plato, for instance, advocates that the road towards the true life of the spirit is a path of purification where man exerts effort to reach genuine wisdom. The soul is purified as it reaches ever-higher degrees of knowledge; it is healed of its sensible affections and made virtuous. In essence, morality, like any other element of human life and knowledge, is a skill and a body of knowledge. What prevents people from being noble, in Plato's view (expressed by Socrates in the traditional Platonic view), is a lack of knowledge. When people are fully and deeply aware of why it is good to be good, why just behavior is appropriate, they will behave appropriately. Part of this is enlightened self-interest: Both Plato and Aristotle were eudaemonic philosophers, who believed that morality's goal was to create and promote a eudaemonia, narrowly de fined as â€Å"well-being† or â€Å"happiness† but meaning much more broadly a good and overarching spirit of things. Plato and Aristotle's idea of the eudaemonia varied, of course, but both shared the belief that once ethical issues were fully understood, people would realize that it would be against their own enlightened self-